Proqramlaşdırmanın əsasları -1Topics

In the subject, the classification of programming languages, the history of the python language, its syntactic advantages and application fields are studied. students learn how to download the python interpreter from the official site, configure environment variables in the operating system, and learn the working principles of the python IDLE interface, the language's built-in integrated development environment.

In the subject, the main data types in python are studied - integers and real numbers, logical data, arithmetic operations performed with them, comparison operators, as well as fundamental logical operators used in the construction of complex conditions and their degrees of precedence.

In the subject, the memory representation of text type data in python, string indexing and slicing mechanisms, fundamental operations on strings, as well as internal functions and basic string methods used for text processing and formatting are studied.

In the topic, the structure of lists, a type of ordered collection that can be changed in python, the principles of description of elements in memory, indexing and slicing are studied. internal functions performed on lists and the main methods used for dynamic list management are also analyzed.

The topic explores the other basic collection types in python—immutable ordered tuples, unordered sets of unique elements, and dictionaries based on key-value pairs. students analyze the storage properties of these structures, the ways to access elements, and the internal methods of each type.

In the topic, the datetime standard module designed for working with date and time in python, methods of obtaining the current time, formatting date objects and converting text to date are studied. also, the principles of explicit and implicit conversion of different data types within the program are analyzed.

In the topic, the operators of assigning values ​​to variables in python, the rules of writing monolingual and multilingual comments to increase the readability of the code, the input-output commands that provide communication with the external environment and their parameters are studied. also, positional formatting methods are analyzed for more orderly display of output data on the screen.

Branching structures that direct the execution flow of the program in different directions depending on certain conditions are studied in the subject. students are introduced to python's if operator for checking simple conditions, the else construct for handling alternative cases, and the elif operator for implementing multivariate branching scenarios. the role of whitespace in defining code blocks in python and the principles of nested conditionals are also analyzed.

Mechanisms of prevention of runtime errors that occur during the execution of the program and cause its sudden stop are studied in the topic. students are introduced to the working principles of the try-except construct to handle code blocks that may cause an error, the else block that runs if no error occurs, and the finally block that must be executed in every case.

In the topic, the for operator, which is a loop structure with a counter, is studied, which is used for controlling repeated processes within the program. students analyze iteration steps over strings, lists, and other sequences, as well as the parameters and operation of the range(start, stop, step) function, which is used to generate numerical sequences within a specified range.

The subject learns the while operator, a conditional loop structure that controls repeated processes as long as a certain condition is true. students analyze the causes of infinite loops, as well as the operating principles of control transition operators used to interrupt the execution flow of the loop - break, which terminates the loop completely, and continue operators, which skip the current iteration and move on to the next step.

The subject explores the principles of structural programming applied to breaking large program codes into small, reusable parts. students learn how to define user-specific functions in python using the def keyword, function input parameters, calling them from within a program, and the workings of the return operator, which returns a result.

In the subject, the principle of modularity applied for the structuring of the program code, reuse and easy management of the project is studied. students analyze how each .py file is an independent module in python, how internal and external modules connect to a program, and how to format custom modules.

In the subject, the principles of working with text and binary files are studied so that the data is stored in permanent memory and is not lost even after closing the program. students analyze the mechanism of safely closing files using the with open() as ... construct for opening files in appropriate modes through the built-in open() function, processing with read(), readline(), write() methods, and protecting system resources.