Dielektriklər fizikasıTopics

The topic of types of dielectrics and their most common properties studies the structure, types and properties of materials that almost do not conduct electricity. dielectrics are classified according to their state of aggregate (solid, liquid, gas), according to their origin (natural and artificial) and according to their structure (polar and non-polar). their main properties are high electrical resistance, polarizability in an electric field, dielectric strength and low electrical conductivity. these materials are widely used for insulation purposes in electrical equipment

The topic of the differences of dielectrics from metals and semiconductors includes a comparison of these three classes of materials in terms of electrical conductivity, electronic structure, and applications. metals conduct electricity well due to the large number of free electrons, semiconductors change their conductivity under certain conditions (as a result of temperature increase, illumination or doping), and dielectrics almost do not conduct electricity due to the fact that there are very few free charge carriers. dielectrics are mainly used as insulating materials, metals are used as conductors, and semiconductors are used as basic elements of electronic devices.

The subject of electrical conductivity of dielectrics studies the mechanism of generation of electric current in dielectric materials and the factors affecting it. dielectrics under normal conditions almost do not conduct electricity due to the fact that they have very few free charge carriers. however, high temperature, strong electric field, humidity and various impurities can increase their electrical conductivity to some extent. since dielectrics have very low electrical conductivity, they are mainly used as electrical insulating materials.

Dövlətəqədərki dövrün əsas xüsusiyyətləri, ibtidai insan cəmiyyətinin yaranması və formalaşması, eyni zamanda qədim insanların həyat tərzi, əmək vərdişləri, ictimai münasibətlərin təşəkkülü, qəbilə və tayfa quruluşunun formalaşması, eləcə də dövlətin yaranmasına təsir edən sosial-iqtisadi proseslərdən bəhs edir.

Thermal (relaxation) polarization is a type of polarization that occurs when dipole moments of molecules are directed in the direction of the field under the influence of an external electric field in polar dielectrics. due to the thermal motion of the molecules, their complete orientation is not possible. a balance is created between the electric field and the heat movement.

Dielectric permittivity (ε) is a physical quantity that characterizes the ability of a dielectric material to polarize under the influence of an electric field. when an external electric field affects the dielectric, atoms, ions or molecules are polarized, that is, the centers of positive and negative charges are slightly displaced relative to each other, or the dipoles are directed in the direction of the field.

Non-centrosymmetric (active) dielectrics are dielectric materials that do not have a center of symmetry in their crystal structure. due to this structure, even if there is no external electric field, electric dipoles can exist inside them. such materials are called active dielectrics.

Active dielectrics are dielectric materials that change their electrical properties in response to external influences (electric field, mechanical stress, temperature, etc.). these materials have a non-centrosymmetric crystal structure and can convert electrical energy into other forms of energy, and other forms of energy into electrical energy.

Electrets are dielectric materials that can hold electrical charges and polarization within themselves or on their surface for long periods of time. electrically, they create a permanent electric field similar to how permanent magnets maintain a magnetic field. electrets are made by heating and cooling in a special electric field or by other special methods.

Spontaneous polarization is a permanent electric polarization that occurs in some dielectric materials without an external electric field. this phenomenon is related to the fact that the crystal structure is not centrosymmetric. in such materials, electric dipoles align themselves in a certain direction and create an internal electric field.

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Non-linear effects are phenomena caused by the fact that when a strong electric field is applied to dielectric materials, their electrical properties do not change in direct proportion to the intensity of the field. in weak electric fields, the polarization is approximately linearly related to the electric field. however, when the intensity of the field increases, this dependence is broken and the dielectric shows non-linear behavior.

Electrical aging is the process of gradual deterioration of the electrical and mechanical properties of a dielectric material as a result of being under the influence of a strong electric field for a long time. at this time, changes occur in the internal structure of the material, the formation of microcracks, partial discharges, thermal effects and chemical changes reduce the strength of the dielectric.

A strong electric field can cause gradual wear of dielectrics and, in critical cases, electrical breakdown. electrical wear weakens the material's insulating properties, while electrical puncture leads to its complete failure. therefore, increasing the electrical strength of dielectrics, correct operation and timely technical control are of great importance for the reliable and long-lasting operation of electrical equipment.

Electrical conductivity in dielectrics is a process resulting from the movement of electrical charge carriers (electrons, ions, and other charged particles) within the material. since the number of free charge carriers in dielectrics is very small, their electrical conductivity is much lower than that of metals.

Electrical conductivity in dielectrics is a process resulting from the movement of electrical charge carriers (electrons, ions, and other charged particles) within the material. since the number of free charge carriers in dielectrics is very small, their electrical conductivity is much lower than that of metals

Dielectric losses are the process of converting part of the electrical energy into thermal energy in a dielectric material under the influence of a changing electric field. these losses are related to the movement of charge carriers within the dielectric, the delay of polarization processes, and the structural properties of the material.

Electrical wear of dielectrics in a strong electric field is a process of gradual weakening of the insulating properties of the material as a result of being exposed to high voltage for a long time. at this time, changes occur in the internal structure of the dielectric, the formation of microcracks, partial discharges, thermal effects and chemical changes reduce the electrical strength of the material.

Non-centrosymmetric (active) dielectrics are materials that do not have a center of symmetry in their crystal structure and show special electrical properties. because the arrangement of atoms and ions in these materials is not completely symmetrical, electric dipoles can be formed. therefore, they have a strong ability to polarize under the influence of an external electric field.

Magnetoelectrics (ferroelectrics) are active dielectric materials that have spontaneous polarization in a certain temperature range and can change the direction of this polarization under the influence of an external electric field. as a result of the non-centrosymmetric crystal structure of these materials, electric dipoles are self-organized and an internal electric field is created.

Magnetoelectrics (ferroelectrics) are active dielectric materials that have spontaneous polarization in a certain temperature range and can change the direction of this polarization under the influence of an external electric field. as a result of the non-centrosymmetric crystal structure of these materials, electric dipoles are self-organized and an internal electric field is created.