Fundamentals of physics-2Syllabus

Subject code

İF-2434y

Credits

8

Student workload

240

Semester

Spring semester

Academic year

2024-2025

Subject type

Mandatory

Form of education

Full-time

Language of instruction

Azerbaijani

In-class hours

a) 30 saat mühazirə b) 15 saat seminar c) 30saat laboratoriya

Out-of-class hours

a) 165 saat TSİ, b) 82,5 saat MRTSİ

Goals and objectives of the subject: deepening the knowledge of fundamental physics: to expand students' knowledge of electromagnetism, optics, wave motion and modern physics and apply them to engineering problems; development of applied skills: to increase the ability to use the laws and principles of physics in the development and analysis of technology and engineering systems; analytical and practical approach: mathematical modeling of physical processes and application of these models in solving real problems. to teach students to use theoretical knowledge of physics in practical laboratory work and engineering applications. it is important for engineering physics to understand multidisciplinary problems and to develop the relationship of the laws of physics with other scientific fields.

• lecture
• laboratory work
• presentations
• seminar
• interactive discussion
• teamwork

1. 1

   CLO 1: Clo1. it explains the basic laws of electric and magnetic fields, the interaction of electric charges, the characteristics of an electric field, and electrostatic phenomena.

2. 2

   CLO 2: Clo2. solves engineering problems based on constant and alternating electric current, basic laws of electric circuits (ohm's and kirchhoff's laws).

3. 3

   CLO 3: Clo3. explains the magnetic field, the magnetic effect of current, the phenomenon of electromagnetic induction, and the basic ideas of maxwell's equations, justifying their technical applications.

4. 4

   CLO 4: Clo4. analyzes the generation mechanism of electromagnetic oscillations and waves, their propagation characteristics and their applications in communication systems.

5. 5

   CLO 5: Clo5. explains the basic laws of geometric and wave optics (reflection, refraction, interference, diffraction and polarization of light) and analyzes the working principle of optical systems.

6. 6

   CLO 6: Clo6. it explains the basic concepts of thermal radiation, photoeffect, atomic and nuclear physics, and connects the fundamental principles of quantum physics with modern technologies.

7. 7

   CLO 7: Clo7. describes physical phenomena with mathematical models, processes experimental results, evaluates measurement errors and interprets results on scientific grounds.

8. 8

   CLO 8: Clo8. it applies the fundamental laws of physics in electronics, electrical engineering, telecommunications, optoelectronics, energy systems, sensor technologies and other engineering fields.

9. 9

   CLO 9: Clo9. independently researches, analyzes scientific and technical data in the field of physics and presents the results professionally in written and oral form.

10. 10

    CLO 10: A student who has successfully completed the subject: explains and applies the basic laws of electric and magnetic fields. analyzes electrical circuits, solves problems using ohm's and kirchhoff's laws. explains the generation and applications of electromagnetic induction and electromagnetic waves. it applies the laws of geometric and wave optics to various optical systems. it explains the basics of modern physics (thermal radiation, quantum, atomic and nuclear physics). analyzes physical phenomena by analytical and experimental methods. processes measurement results and evaluates experimental errors. it applies the fundamental laws of physics in the fields of modern engineering and technology.

1. 1.
   Electric charge. law of conservation of electric charge. coulomb's law. the intensity of the electrostatic field. the principle of superposition of the electrostatic field. intensity lines of the electrostatic field. electrostatic field intensity flood. gauss' theorem and its applications.Lecture

   In this topic, the basic concepts and laws of electrostatics are studied. the nature, types and main properties of electric charge, as well as the physical essence of the law of conservation of electric charge are explained. coulomb's law, which characterizes the interaction between electric charges, and its application in different environments are investigated. the concept of electrostatic field, the intensity of the field and the physical meaning of the intensity vector are explained. in the topic, the principle of superposition of the electrostatic field is studied, methods of calculation and analysis of the resulting electric field created by several electric charges are shown. also, the intensity lines of the electrostatic field and their characteristics are explained, the graphic representation of the electric field and the visualization of the structure of the field are studied. the concept of electric field intensity flood is introduced and its importance as a field characterization is justified. the physical nature and mathematical expression of gauss's theorem is studied, its application in calculating the intensity of electric fields with high symmetry (point charge, infinitely long charged wire, infinite plane and spherically symmetric charged objects) is explained. the subject serves to form students' ability to understand the physical basis of electrostatic phenomena, to analyze the electric field by analytical methods and to apply the laws of electrostatics in electrical engineering, electronics, high voltage engineering and other engineering fields.

   • As a result of studying this topic, the student: explains the nature of electric charge, its basic properties and the law of conservation of electric charge. calculates and analyzes the electrostatic interaction force between point charges by applying coulomb's law. determines the intensity of the electrostatic field, interprets its direction, unit of measurement and physical meaning. it calculates the resultant electric field created by multiple charges by applying the principle of electrostatic field superposition. explains electrostatic field intensity lines and intensity flood, justifies their role in the graphic representation and analysis of the electric field. it applies gauss's theorem in calculating the intensity of electric fields with high symmetry (spherical, cylindrical and planar symmetry systems). solves physical and engineering problems related to electrostatic phenomena by analytical methods and interprets the results on scientific grounds. it uses the basic laws of electrostatics in electrical engineering, electronics, high voltage equipment, insulation systems and other engineering applications.
2. 2.
   Work in the field of electrostatics. potential energy of the charge in the electric field. electrostatic field potential. relationship between electric field intensity and potential. electric dipole. the electric field of a dipole. a dipole in an external electric field.Lecture

   In this topic, the energetic characteristics of the electrostatic field and the concept of an electric dipole are studied. the work done by the electric forces in the electrostatic field, its independence from the trajectory of the charge and the fact that it is a field of conservative forces are explained. the potential energy of the charge in the electric field and its physical meaning are investigated, the role of the potential energy in evaluating the properties of the electric field is shown. the concept of the potential of the electrostatic field, its physical essence, unit of measurement and its relationship with equipotential surfaces are studied. the relationship between the intensity of the electric field and the potential is explained, and methods of determining the characteristics of the electric field at various points using this relationship are shown. also, the concept of electric dipole, dipole moment and properties of the electric field created by the dipole are investigated. the behavior of the dipole in the external electric field, the moment of force acting on it and the equilibrium states are explained. the subject serves to form students' abilities to analyze the energy characteristics of the electrostatic field, calculate the potential and intensity of the electric field, explain the behavior of dipole systems and apply this knowledge in electronics, dielectric materials, sensor technologies and other engineering fields.

   • As a result of studying this topic, the student: explains the work done in the electrostatic field, justifies its conservative nature and calculates it in various cases. determines the potential energy of the charge in the electric field and the potential of the electrostatic field, explains their physical meaning and measurement units. it calculates and analyzes the characteristics of the electric field at different points by applying the relationship between the intensity of the electric field and the potential. explains equipotential surfaces, interprets their relationship with intensity lines of electric field. explains the concepts of electric dipole and dipole moment, analyzes the characteristics of the electric field created by the dipole. analyzes the behavior of the dipole in the external electric field, determines the moment of force acting on it and the equilibrium states. solves physical and engineering problems related to the energy characteristics of the electrostatic field and dipole systems with analytical methods and interprets the results on scientific grounds. uses the concepts of potential, potential energy, and dipole to explain dielectric materials, capacitors, electronics, sensor systems, and other engineering applications.
3. 3.
   Dielectrics, their types, polarization, free and connected charges. electrostatic field induction vector. wires in the electrical field. electrical capacity. condensers. energy and energy density of the electric field of a single wire, a system of loads and a charged capacitor.Lecture

   In this topic, the behavior of dielectric materials in the electric field, their electrical properties and the effect on the electrostatic field are studied. the types of dielectrics, polar and non-polar dielectrics, their polarization mechanisms and the orientation of dipoles under the influence of an external electric field are explained. the concepts of free and connected charges are investigated, their role in the formation of electrical properties of dielectrics is shown. in the topic, the concept of the induction vector of the electrostatic field (electric displacement vector) is studied, its physical meaning and importance in the description of the electric field in the dielectric medium are explained. the behavior of the wires in the electric field, the state of electrostatic equilibrium, the distribution of the electric charge on the surface of the wire and the characteristics of the electric field inside the wire are analyzed. also, the concept of electric capacity, the electric capacity of isolated wire and capacitors, the principle of operation of different types of capacitors and the effect of dielectric on the capacitor capacity are investigated. the energy of the electric field of a stranded wire, a system of loads and a charged capacitor, as well as the concepts of the energy density of the electric field are studied and their calculation methods are explained. the subject serves to form students' ability to master the physical foundations of dielectric materials and capacitors, analyze the energy characteristics of the electrostatic field, and apply this knowledge in electronics, electrical engineering, energy systems, insulation technologies, and other engineering fields.

   • As a result of studying this topic, the student: explains the types of dielectrics, their physical properties and polarization mechanisms, distinguishes between free and bound charges. explains the physical meaning of the electrostatic field induction vector (electric displacement vector) and applies it to the analysis of the electric field in a dielectric medium. it interprets the behavior of wires in the electric field, the state of electrostatic equilibrium and the regularities of distribution of electric charge on the surface of the wire. explains the concept of electric capacitance, calculates the capacitance of a single wire and different types of capacitors, analyzes the effect of dielectric on capacitance. calculates the energy and energy density of the electric field of a single wire, a system of charges and a charged capacitor, and justifies their physical meaning. solves physical and engineering problems related to the energy characteristics of dielectrics, capacitors and electric fields using analytical methods and interprets the results on a scientific basis. it applies the working principles of dielectric materials and capacitors in electronics, electrical engineering, high voltage engineering, energy systems and insulation technologies. evaluates the energy characteristics of the electric field in the design and operation of various technical systems and justifies them from an engineering point of view.
4. 4.
   Electric current and its characteristics. the equation of discontinuity. classical electron theory in metals. ohm, coul-lens and wiedeman – french laws.Lecture

   In this topic, the conditions of generation of electric current, its main characteristics and the physical basis of electrical conductivity in conductive media are studied. concepts of electric current, current intensity, current density, charge carriers and their directional movement are explained. the physical nature of the continuity equation, which expresses the continuity of electric current, is investigated and its connection with the law of conservation of electric charges is shown. the classical electronic theory of electrical conductivity in metals is studied, the movement of free electrons, the speed of movement and the mechanism of current generation under the influence of an electric field are explained. the effect of temperature and material properties on conductivity is analyzed. the subject examines the physical meaning of ohm's law, the concepts of electrical resistance, specific resistance and conductivity. on the basis of the coul-lens law, the thermal effect of electric current and the conversion of electric energy into thermal energy are explained. the wiedeman–france law is studied and the relationship between electrical and thermal conductivity in metals is explained. the subject serves to form the ability of students to master the mechanisms of generation and propagation of electric current, the basic laws of electrical conductivity and their application in electronics, electrical engineering, energy and other engineering fields.

   • As a result of studying this topic, the student: explains the conditions for the generation of electric current and its main characteristics (current intensity, current density, voltage and resistance). interprets the physical nature of the continuity equation and relates it to the law of conservation of electric charge. it explains the classical theory of electrons in metals, analyzes the movement of free electrons and the mechanism of electrical conductivity. calculates parameters of electric circuits and solves engineering problems related to electric current by applying ohm's law. calculates the thermal effect of electric current, released heat energy and power using the coul–lens law. explains the physical nature of the wiedeman–france law and analyzes the relationship between electrical conductivity and thermal conductivity in metals. evaluates physical processes related to electric current with analytical and mathematical methods, interprets the results of calculations on scientific grounds. uses the laws of electric current and conductivity in explaining the working principle of electronics, electrical engineering, energy and electrical devices and in engineering applications.
5. 5.
   Magnetic field induction vector. bio-savar-laplace law, its applications. magnetic field of a moving charge. ampere and lorentz forces magnetic flux. gauss theorem for magnetic field. theorem about the circulation of the magnetic induction vector, some of its applications. work done during the movement of a current-carrying wire in a magnetic field.Lecture

   In this topic, the main characteristics of the magnetic field and the physical laws characterizing it are studied. the concept of magnetic induction vector, its physical meaning, direction and measurement unit are explained. the bio-savar-laplace law is studied, and based on this law, the methods of calculating the magnetic field created by a direct current wire, a circular current contour, a solenoid and other current systems are investigated. the properties of the magnetic field created by the moving electric charge and its role in the electromagnetic interaction are analyzed. the subject explains the physical nature, direction and applications of the lorentz force, which affects charges moving in a magnetic field, and the ampere force, which affects a current-carrying wire. the use of these forces in electric motors, magnetic separators, particle accelerators, mass spectrometers and other electromechanical systems is shown on the basis of examples. also, the concept of magnetic flux, gauss's theorem for the magnetic field and the theorem on the circulation of the magnetic induction vector (ampere's law) are studied. the application of these laws in the analytical calculation of the magnetic field and in the analysis of various electromagnetic systems is investigated. the work done during the movement of a current-carrying wire in a magnetic field and the role of the magnetic field in energy transformations are explained. the subject serves to form students' ability to master the basic laws of the magnetic field, analyze the interaction of the magnetic field with current and moving loads, solve physical and engineering problems with analytical methods, and apply this knowledge in electrical engineering, electronics, electric machines, automation, energy systems and other engineering fields.

   • As a result of mastering the subject, the student: it explains the main characteristics of the magnetic field, the physical nature of the magnetic induction vector and the unit of measurement. it calculates the magnetic field created by conductors of different currents by applying bio-savar-laplace law. it analyzes the properties of the magnetic field created by a moving electric charge. explains the physical nature of ampere and lorentz forces and applies their effects to various problems. determines the trajectory and basic parameters of charged particles moving in a magnetic field. explains the concept of magnetic flux and performs its calculation. explains the essence of gauss's theorem for the magnetic field and its applications. it calculates the magnetic field by applying the theorem on the circulation of the magnetic induction vector (ampere's theorem). it analyzes the work done and energy transformations during the movement of a current-carrying wire in a magnetic field. solves physical problems related to magnetic phenomena, selects appropriate laws and formulas, and justifies results from a physical point of view. evaluates applications of the magnetic field in electrical machines, electromagnetic devices, sensors, and other engineering systems.
6. 6.
   Magnetic field in matter. magnetic field intensity. magneto-mechanical phenomena. magnets and their types: dia-, para- and ferromagnets.Lecture

   In this topic, the magnetic properties of substances and their behavior in an external magnetic field are studied. the mechanism of formation of magnetic field in substances, magnetic moments of atoms and molecules, the role of orbital and spin movement of electrons in the formation of magnetic properties are explained. the concept of magnetic field intensity, its relationship with magnetic induction and its importance in characterizing the magnetic field in substances are investigated. in the subject, magneto-mechanical phenomena are studied, the mechanical effects of the magnetic field on substances, the moment of force affecting the magnetic moment, and the behavior of objects in the magnetic field are analyzed. the role of these phenomena in the principle of operation of electric machines, measuring devices, sensor systems and other electromechanical devices is explained. also, the classification of magnetic substances is given and the physical properties of diamagnetic, paramagnetic and ferromagnetic materials are compared. their magnetization mechanism, magnetic penetration, magnetic sensitivity and response to external magnetic field are investigated. the concepts of domain structure, hysteresis phenomenon, residual magnetization and coercive force in ferromagnetic materials are explained, applications of these properties in transformer cores, electric motors, permanent magnets, magnetic memory devices and other technical systems are shown. the subject serves to form the ability of students to analyze the magnetic properties of substances and the interaction of the magnetic field with substances on a scientific basis, to compare the properties of various magnetic materials, and to apply this knowledge in electronics, electrical engineering, materials science, automation and modern engineering technologies.

   • As a result of mastering the subject, the student: it explains the properties and physical nature of magnetic field formation in material environments. it analyzes the relationship between magnetic field intensity, magnetic induction and magnetic permeability. it explains the relationship between the magnetic properties of substances and their atomic and molecular structure. explains the physical nature of magneto-mechanical phenomena and their causes. differentiates and compares magnets (dia-, para- and ferromagnets) according to their magnetic properties. it explains the mechanism of diamagnetism, paramagnetism and ferromagnetism. analyzes domain structure, hysteresis phenomenon and magnetic saturation process in ferromagnetic materials. it explains the dependence of magnetic properties of substances on temperature and external magnetic field. it evaluates the applications of magnetic materials in electrical engineering, electronics, energy and memory devices. he solves the issues related to the magnetic field in substances and justifies the obtained results from a physical point of view.
7. 7.
   The phenomenon of electromagnetic induction. faraday's law. lens rule. self and mutual induction phenomena. inductance. magnetic field energy and energy density. transformers.Lecture

   In this topic, the phenomenon of electromagnetic induction and its basic laws are studied. the generation of an electric motive force as a result of a change in the magnetic flux is explained as the main essence of the phenomenon of electromagnetic induction. faraday's law is studied, the dependence of the induction electromotive force on the speed of change of the magnetic flux is analyzed, and the applications of this law in various electromagnetic devices are investigated. the determination of the direction of the induced current according to the law of conservation of energy is explained through the lens rule. self-induction and mutual induction phenomena are studied in the topic. during self-induction, it is explained that an induction electromotive force is created in that circuit as a result of a change in current, and during mutual induction, a change in current in one circuit creates an electromotive force in another circuit. the concept of inductance, its physical meaning, unit of measurement and role as the main parameter of electric circuits are analyzed. the concepts of energy and energy density of the magnetic field are also examined, the principles of energy collection and storage in inductive elements are explained. working principle of transformers, energy conversion process based on electromagnetic induction phenomenon, transformation coefficient, useful work coefficient and importance of transformers in electric power transmission are studied. the subject serves to form students' ability to master the physical foundations of the electromagnetic induction phenomenon, apply electromagnetic laws by analytical methods, analyze the working principle of inductive systems, and apply this knowledge in the design and operation of electrical engineering, energy, electronics, electric machines, transformers, and modern electromagnetic devices.

   • As a result of mastering the subject, the student: explains the physical nature of the phenomenon of electromagnetic induction and the conditions of its occurrence. calculates induction electromotive force by applying faraday's law of electromagnetic induction. determines the direction of the induced current using lent's rule. it explains the nature, causes and applications of the phenomena of self-induction and mutual induction. analyzes the concept of inductance, its physical meaning and its relation to current change. it calculates the energy and energy density collected in the magnetic field and explains their physical nature. explains the working principle, structure and role of transformers in energy conversion. defines the transformation ratio, the relationship between the input and output voltages and the number of windings. it applies electromagnetic induction phenomena in electric power, electronics, communication systems and electric machines. solves problems related to electromagnetic phenomena, selects appropriate laws and formulas, and justifies results from a physical point of view.
8. 8.
   Interaction of electric and magnetic fields. eddy electric field. alternating current. maxwell's equations for the electromagnetic fieldLecture

   In this topic, the interaction of electric and magnetic fields and the basic laws of the electromagnetic field are studied. the creation of a eddy electric field by a changing magnetic field and the role of a changing electric field in the creation of a magnetic field are explained. the mutual transformation of electric and magnetic fields is analyzed as a process that forms the unified theoretical basis of electromagnetic phenomena. in the topic, the concept of eddy electric field is studied, its different characteristics from electrostatic field and its role in the phenomenon of electromagnetic induction are explained. the generation of a eddy electric field by a changing magnetic flux is explained on the basis of faraday's law and its applications in various electromagnetic systems are investigated. also, the concept of alternating current is studied, the necessity and physical nature of its inclusion in electromagnetic theory by maxwell is explained. the generation of alternating current in capacitors and alternating electric fields, their role in the generalization of ampere's law is analyzed. in the subject, maxwell's equations for the electromagnetic field are studied, their physical meaning and importance in the unified description of electromagnetic phenomena are investigated. maxwell's equations are shown to be the fundamental laws explaining the interaction of electric and magnetic fields, the generation and propagation of electromagnetic waves. applications of these equations in radiophysics, telecommunications, microelectronics, optoelectronics, energy and other engineering fields are explained. the subject serves to form the students' ability to master the unified theoretical foundations of the electromagnetic field, analyze the interaction of electric and magnetic fields analytically, and apply maxwell's theory in explaining the working principle of modern electromagnetic systems, communication technologies, and electronic devices.

   • As a result of mastering the subject, the student: explains the physical nature of the interaction of electric and magnetic fields and the mechanism of electromagnetic field generation. analyzes how a changing magnetic field creates an eddy electric field and how it relates to faraday's law. it explains the properties of the eddy electric field, its difference from the potential field, and its applications. explains the concept of alternating current, its origin and its role in the formation of a magnetic field. he comments that maxwell's equations describe electromagnetic phenomena in a unified theoretical framework. analyzes the relationship between electric and magnetic fields changing over time. it applies the basic laws of the electromagnetic field in the explanation of various physical processes. it explains the generation and propagation of electromagnetic waves based on the results obtained from maxwell's equations. it evaluates the application possibilities of electromagnetic fields in communication, energy, electronics and technical systems. solves problems related to electromagnetic phenomena, chooses appropriate laws and mathematical expressions and justifies the results from a physical point of view.
9. 9.
   Unquenchable electromagnetic oscillations. evanescent and forced electromagnetic oscillationsLecture

   This subject studies the mechanism, types and main characteristics of electromagnetic oscillations. the topic explains the working principle of the oscillation circuit (lc circuit) used for the generation of electromagnetic oscillations, the mutual conversion of energy between electric and magnetic fields, and the characteristics of non-extinguishing electromagnetic oscillations. the causes of fading electromagnetic oscillations, the effect of resistance on energy, the decrease of amplitude with time and the energy losses in the oscillation process are analyzed. the emergence of forced electromagnetic oscillations as a result of external variable electromagnetic influence, their main characteristics and the phenomenon of resonance are investigated. the subject forms the ability of students to analyze electromagnetic processes, explain the energy transformations that occur in oscillation contours, compare the characteristics of damped and forced oscillations, and evaluate their application in the fields of radio engineering, communication and electronics.

   • As a result of mastering the subject, the student: explains the physical nature of electromagnetic oscillations and the mechanism of their formation. analyzes the conditions of generation of non-quenchable electromagnetic oscillations and energy transformations in an ideal LC circuit. defines the main quantities characterizing electromagnetic oscillations (period, frequency, amplitude, phase). explains the causes of decaying electromagnetic oscillations and the effect of resistance on energy loss. it analyzes the damping process, damping ratio and variation of oscillation parameters in RLC circuit. explains the mechanism of formation of forced electromagnetic oscillations and the role of external variable ehq. analyzes the conditions and physical nature of resonance phenomena in electromagnetic circuits. determines the dependence of electromagnetic oscillations on frequency, inductance and capacity. it solves problems related to electromagnetic oscillations and justifies the obtained results from a physical point of view. evaluates applications of electromagnetic oscillations in radio electronics, communication systems, generators and other technical devices.
10. 10.
    Understanding of alternating current. electromagnetic wavesLecture

    This subject studies the basic concepts of alternating current, the principles of its generation and the physical nature of electromagnetic waves. the topic explains the change of direction and value of alternating current over time, its main characteristics (current strength, voltage, frequency, period and amplitude), as well as physical processes occurring in alternating current circuits. the generation of electromagnetic waves, the interaction of electric and magnetic fields, the properties of wave propagation and their main parameters are investigated. the role of electromagnetic waves in energy transmission, their various ranges and applications in communication, radio, television and other technical fields are also analyzed. the subject develops students' ability to understand changing electromagnetic processes, explain the properties of electromagnetic waves and evaluate their practical applications.

    • As a result of mastering the subject, the student: it explains the concept of alternating current, the principle of its formation and its main characteristics. it analyzes the main parameters of alternating current (amplitude, period, frequency, phase and effective value). explains the role of active, inductive and capacitive resistances in AC circuits. explains the mechanism of electromagnetic waves generation and propagation characteristics. analyzes the interaction of electric and magnetic fields in electromagnetic waves. determines the relationship between the main parameters of electromagnetic waves (wavelength, frequency, speed of propagation). explains the main areas of the electromagnetic spectrum and their characteristics. evaluates applications of alternating current and electromagnetic waves in power transmission, communication systems, radio electronics, and other technical fields. it solves physical problems related to alternating current and electromagnetic waves, and justifies the results from a physical point of view.
11. 11.
    Elements of geometric opticsLecture

    This subject studies the basic concepts of geometrical optics, the principles used to explain the propagation of light and optical phenomena. the subject explains the light beam, the rectilinear propagation of light, the phenomena of shadow and penumbra, the laws of reflection and refraction of light. the main elements of optical systems, mirrors, lenses and their image forming properties are investigated. concepts related to working principles of optical devices, focal length, optical power and image acquisition are also analyzed. the subject forms the ability of students to explain light phenomena in geometrical ways, to analyze the properties of optical systems and to apply the basic laws of optics in solving various practical problems.

    • As a result of mastering the subject, the student: explains the basic concepts and basic laws of geometrical optics. analyzes the phenomena of rectilinear propagation, reflection and refraction of light. it calculates the propagation of light in different optical media by applying snell's law. it explains the conditions of occurrence of the phenomenon of total internal reflection and its application areas. analyzes the working principle of flat and spherical mirrors, converging and diffusing lenses. applies the lens formula, optical power, and linear magnification concepts. establishes the formation of images in optical systems and determines their properties. explains the working principle of magnifying glass, microscope, telescope and other optical devices. it solves problems related to geometrical optics and justifies the obtained results from a physical point of view. evaluates applications of optical phenomena in modern technologies, measuring devices, medical and engineering systems.
12. 12.
    Interference of lightLecture

    This topic studies the physical nature of interference, one of the main phenomena that confirms the wave nature of light. the subject explains coherent light sources, the concept of phase difference, the collection of light waves and the resulting amplification and attenuation phenomena. maximum and minimum interference conditions of light, generation of interference bands and their characteristics are analyzed. also, interference in thin films, newton's rings and scientific and technical applications of the phenomenon of interference are investigated. the subject forms the ability of students to understand the wave properties of light, to analyze interference phenomena by mathematical and graphical methods, to solve problems using physical laws, and to evaluate the application of this phenomenon in optical devices.

    • As a result of mastering the subject, the student: explains the physical nature of the phenomenon of light interference and the conditions of its occurrence. explains the wave nature of light and the concept of coherent sources. analyzes the concepts of phase difference and optical path difference. apply the gain and loss (maximum and minimum) interference conditions. explains the essence of jung's experience and the mechanism of formation of interference bands. analyzes the phenomenon of interference in thin layers and the formation of newton's rings. performs calculations related to the width of interference bands, wavelength of light and other optical parameters. explains the working principle and application areas of interferometric methods. evaluates applications of light interference in laser technologies, optical measurement systems, spectroscopy, and materials science. it solves problems related to interference phenomena and justifies the obtained results from a physical point of view.
13. 13.
    Diffraction of lightLecture

    This topic studies the phenomenon of diffraction, one of the main phenomena that characterizes the wave nature of light. the topic explains the reasons why light waves deviate from rectilinear propagation when passing through obstacles and spreading through narrow slits, that is, diffraction. the observation conditions of the diffraction event, the formation of the diffraction picture, the maximum and minimum conditions, as well as the structure and working principle of the diffraction grating are investigated. the application of diffraction in determining the wavelength of light and in optical devices is also analyzed. the subject develops students' ability to understand the wave properties of light more deeply, to explain diffraction phenomena by physical and mathematical methods, to analyze optical phenomena and to evaluate their practical applications.

    • As a result of mastering the subject, the student: it explains the physical nature of the phenomenon of light diffraction and the conditions of its occurrence. he explains the huygens-fresnel principle and its role in explaining the phenomenon of diffraction. it analyzes the wave properties of light as it passes through obstacles and propagates through narrow slits. explains the characteristics of single-slit and multi-slit diffraction phenomena. apply diffraction maximum and minimum conditions and perform appropriate calculations. explains the structure, working principle and main parameters of the diffraction grating. analyzes the method of determining the wavelength of light using a diffraction grating. explains the effect of diffraction on the resolution of optical devices. evaluates the applications of light diffraction in spectroscopy, laser technologies, microscopy, and the study of nanoscale structures. solves problems related to diffraction phenomena and justifies the obtained results from a physical point of view.
14. 14.
    Dispersion and polarization of lightLecture

    This subject studies the phenomena of dispersion and polarization of light, their physical nature and their relation to the wave nature of light. in the topic, the fact that light consists of components with different wavelengths, its speed changes depending on the wavelength while propagating in the medium and, as a result, it separates into colors - the phenomenon of dispersion is explained. the spectrum of light, the wavelength dependence of the refractive index, and the practical applications of dispersion are investigated. also, the phenomenon of polarization, which confirms the transverse wave property of light, the reception of polarized light, the working principle of polarizers and analyzers, the malus law and the fields of application of polarization are analyzed. the subject forms the ability of learners to understand the complex wave properties of light, to explain dispersion and polarization phenomena on scientific grounds, to analyze optical phenomena and to evaluate their application in technology, science and industry.

    • As a result of mastering the subject, the student: explains the physical nature of the phenomenon of light dispersion and the causes of its occurrence. analyzes the dependence of the refractive index of light on the wavelength. it explains the spectral composition of white light and the mechanism of formation of colors. distinguish between the concepts of normal and anomalous variance. explains the physical nature of the phenomenon of polarization of light and its relationship with wave nature. compares the concepts of natural and polarized light. it applies the working principle of polarizer and analyzer, malus law. analyzes the characteristics of the occurrence of double radiation and polarization phenomena. explains the applications of dispersion and polarization phenomena in optical devices, laser technologies, communication systems, and materials research. solves the problems related to the dispersion and polarization of light, justifies the results from a physical point of view.
15. 15.
    Electric current in different mediumsLecture

    In this topic, the mechanisms of generation and passage of electric current in different environments, the physical basis of electrical conductivity and the characteristics of current carriers are studied. the principles of electric current generation in metals, semiconductors, electrolytes, gases and vacuum, the movement of charge carriers in these environments and the characteristics of conductivity are analyzed in a comparative manner. the topic describes the movement of free electrons in metals, the application of ohm's law, the effect of temperature on electrical resistance, electron and hole conductivity in semiconductors, special and doped semiconductors, p-n junction and its working principle. ion conductivity, electrolysis phenomena and faraday's laws in electrolytes, ionization and electric discharges in gases, thermoelectron emission and generation of electron beams in vacuum are investigated. also, the application areas of electric current in various environments, including electronics, microelectronics, energy, electrical engineering, electrochemistry, gas discharge lamps, semiconductor devices, and principles of use in vacuum electronics are considered. this subject forms the ability of students to understand the physical nature of electrical conductivity in different environments, to analyze the mechanisms of electric current generation, to compare different types of conductivity, and to evaluate their engineering and technological applications.

    • As a result of mastering the subject, the student: it explains the mechanism of electric current generation in different media (metals, semiconductors, electrolytes, gases and vacuum). analyzes the physical nature of electrical conductivity in various environments and the role of charge carriers. it explains that the electric current in metals is due to the directed movement of electrons. explains electron and hole conduction in semiconductors, additive conduction mechanism. it applies the properties of ionic conductivity in electrolytes and faraday's laws of electrolysis. it explains the conditions of generation of electric current in gases, the phenomena of ionization and gas discharge. analyzes the generation of electron flow in vacuum and its technical applications. it explains the dependence of electrical conductivity in different environments on temperature and external influences. it evaluates the fields of application of electric current (electronics, electrical engineering, energy and materials science). solves problems related to electric current in various environments and justifies the obtained results from a physical point of view.
16. 16.
    Problem solving related to the topic "electrostatics".Seminar

    In this topic, the application of theoretical knowledge about the basic laws and concepts of electrostatics in solving practical problems is studied. various types of calculations are performed regarding electric charge, charge conservation law, coulomb's law, electric field intensity, electric potential, potential difference and work done by electric field. the interaction of point charges and the effects of the electric field at different points are analyzed from a physical and mathematical point of view. the topic deals with the calculation of the electric field based on the principle of superposition of the electric field, lines of electric force, homogeneous electric field, electric flow and the application of gauss's law. conductors and dielectrics in the electric field, electric capacity, capacitors, their series and parallel connection, electric field energy and energy density are also calculated. choosing a suitable physical model, correct application of basic laws and formulas, sequential calculations and interpretation of results from a physical point of view are taught during problem solving. the subject forms the ability of students to analyze electrostatic phenomena, calculate the main parameters of the electric field, apply theoretical knowledge in solving practical problems, and solve engineering electrostatic problems.

17. 17.
    Problem solving related to "direct electric current, its laws".Seminar

    In this topic, the application of theoretical knowledge about constant electric current and its basic laws in solving practical problems is studied. various types of calculations are made regarding the conditions of generation of electric current, current intensity, voltage, electrical resistance, specific resistance and electrical conductivity. the application of ohm's law for a part of a circuit and for a complete circuit, problems in which electromotive force and internal resistance are taken into account are solved. in the subject, various problems on the analysis of complex electric circuits, series and parallel connection of conductors, application of kirchhoff's laws, calculation of electric energy, work and power are performed. based on the coul-lens law, calculations are made regarding the thermal effect of electric current, energy consumption of electrical devices and useful work coefficient. it is also taught how to build a physical model of an electrical circuit, select appropriate laws and formulas, perform calculations in sequence, and justify the obtained results from a physical point of view when solving problems. the subject forms the ability of students to apply the laws of constant electric current in practical calculations, analyze electric circuits, solve engineering electrical problems and evaluate the results correctly.

18. 18.
    Solving problems related to the topics "magnetic field in vacuum and environment".Seminar

    In this topic, the application of theoretical knowledge about the magnetic field in vacuum and in various material environments in solving practical problems is studied. various types of calculations are performed on the main characteristics of the magnetic field, magnetic induction, magnetic flux, magnetic field intensity and magnetic permeability. the problems of calculating the magnetic field created by straight and circular current-carrying wires, solenoids and toroids are solved. in the topic, the effects of the magnetic field on moving electric charges and current-carrying conductors, the application of ampere and lorentz forces, and the movement of charged particles in a uniform magnetic field are performed. also, the magnetic properties of ferromagnetic, paramagnetic and diamagnetic materials are compared, and the effect of magnetic permeability and environmental properties on the magnetic field is analyzed. choosing a suitable physical model, correct application of basic laws and formulas, making calculations in sequence and justifying the results from a physical point of view are taught during problem solving. the subject forms the ability of students to analyze the characteristics of the magnetic field in vacuum and in various environments, to make calculations related to magnetic phenomena, to apply theoretical knowledge in solving practical problems, and to evaluate engineering electromagnetic systems.

19. 19.
    Problem solving related to the topics "electromagnetic induction phenomenon, alternating current, electromagnetic waves".Seminar

    In this topic, the application of theoretical knowledge about the phenomenon of electromagnetic induction, alternating current and electromagnetic waves in solving practical problems is studied. based on faraday's law of electromagnetic induction, lentz's rule, self and mutual induction phenomena, various types of problems related to the calculation of induction electromotive force, magnetic flux and inductance are solved. the topic analyzes the main parameters of alternating current circuits - effective value, amplitude, frequency, period and phase concepts. active, inductive and capacitive resistances, impedance, resonance phenomena, power factor and RLC circuits are calculated. the working principle of transformers, energy conversion and the role of alternating current in the transmission of electricity are studied through various issues. calculations related to the generation, propagation and basic properties of electromagnetic waves, wavelength, frequency, propagation speed and electromagnetic spectrum are also performed. applications of electromagnetic waves in communications, radio engineering, optics, telecommunications and other engineering fields are being investigated. choosing a suitable physical model, correct application of basic laws and formulas, making calculations in sequence and justifying the results from a physical point of view are taught during problem solving. the subject forms the ability of students to comprehensively analyze electromagnetic phenomena, apply theoretical knowledge in practical calculations, and solve engineering problems related to modern electrotechnical and electronic systems.

20. 20.
    Problem solving on the topic "elements of geometrical optics".Seminar

    In this topic, the application of theoretical knowledge about the basic laws and concepts of geometric optics in solving practical problems is studied. different types of optical problems are solved based on rectilinear propagation of light, laws of reflection and refraction of light, phenomenon of total internal reflection and snell's law. the propagation of light rays in different optical media and their behavior on boundary surfaces are analyzed from a physical and mathematical point of view. in the subject, calculations are made regarding flat and spherical mirrors, thin converging and diffusing lenses, their main parameters (focal distance, optical power, magnification factor). image formation, linear magnification, lens formula and image properties in optical systems are studied through various problems. calculations and analyzes are also carried out on the working principles of optical devices - magnifiers, microscopes, telescopes, cameras, and the human eye. choosing the appropriate optical model, applying the basic laws and formulas, performing calculations in sequence, and justifying the results from a physical point of view are taught during problem solving. this subject forms the ability of students to apply the laws of geometrical optics in solving practical problems, to analyze the working principle of optical systems, to perform the construction of images and the calculation of optical parameters, as well as to evaluate the engineering and technological applications of optical phenomena.

21. 21.
    Problem solving on the topic "light interference".Seminar

    In this topic, the application of theoretical knowledge about the phenomenon of light interference in solving practical problems is studied. various types of calculations are performed based on the wave nature of light, coherent light sources, optical path difference, phase difference and interference conditions. the maximum and minimum conditions for gain and loss interference, and the width and location of the interference bands are addressed. calculations related to jung's experiment, interference in thin films, newton's rings and interferometric methods are carried out in the subject. the influence of the light wavelength, the distance between the sources, the screen distance and the refractive index of the medium on the interference picture is analyzed. application and measurement methods of interference phenomena in various optical systems are investigated. choosing a suitable physical model, correct application of interference laws and basic formulas, sequencing of calculations and substantiation of results from a physical point of view are taught during problem solving. the obtained results are compared with theoretical values ​​and the applications of the interference phenomenon in optical devices, high-precision measurements, thin film research, laser technologies and optical communication systems are explained. this subject forms the ability of students to deeply understand the phenomenon of light interference, perform calculations related to interference, apply theoretical knowledge in solving practical problems and evaluate the role of interference phenomenon in the fields of optical engineering.

22. 22.
    Problem solving on the topic "diffraction of light".Seminar

    In this topic, the application of theoretical knowledge about the phenomenon of light diffraction in solving practical problems is studied. wave nature of light, conditions of occurrence of diffraction phenomenon, huygens-fresnel principle and wave characteristics observed when light passes through obstacles and propagates through narrow slits are analyzed. the subject deals with various types of problems related to single-slit and multi-slit diffraction, diffraction grating, fundamental maximum and minimum conditions, diffraction angle, fringe positions and resolution. the parameters of the diffraction grating, determination of the wavelength of light and the working principle of spectral devices are studied on the basis of computational problems. also, the applications of light diffraction in optical devices, spectroscopy, laser technologies, increasing the resolution of microscopy and studying nanoscale structures are investigated. during the solving of the problems, the selection of the appropriate physical model, the correct application of the basic diffraction laws and formulas, the sequence of calculations and the interpretation of the results from a physical point of view are taught. this subject forms the ability of students to understand the phenomenon of light diffraction, to apply the laws of wave optics in practical problems, to calculate the main parameters of optical systems, and to evaluate the role of the diffraction phenomenon in modern technologies.

23. 23.
    Solution of the problem related to "dispersion and polarization of light".Seminar

    In this topic, the application of theoretical knowledge about light dispersion and polarization phenomena in solving practical problems is studied. the electromagnetic nature of light, the propagation of rays of different wavelengths in the material environment at different speeds, and as a result the phenomenon of white light being separated into a spectrum - dispersion are investigated. various calculations are made based on the dependence of the refractive index on wavelength and frequency, the mechanism of formation of spectral colors and dispersion laws. the phenomenon of light polarization, properties of transverse electromagnetic waves, the concepts of natural and polarized light, the working principle of polarizers and analyzers are studied in the subject. on the basis of malus's law, problems related to intensity change, polarization angle, brewster's law and polarizing properties of optical media are solved. also, the applications of dispersion and polarization in modern optical systems, laser technologies, optical communication, spectroscopy, liquid crystal displays and the study of optical properties of materials are analyzed. choosing a suitable physical model, correct application of basic laws and formulas, sequential calculations and interpretation of results from a physical point of view are taught during problem solving. this topic develops students' abilities to understand the interaction of light with matter, to analyze dispersion and polarization phenomena by mathematical methods, to solve problems related to optical processes and to evaluate their engineering applications.

24. 24.
    Lab.1. determination of specific resistance of wiresLaboratory

    In this laboratory work, the specific resistance of wires is determined experimentally. students investigate the relationship between electrical resistance, specific resistance, length and cross-section of the wire, evaluate the electrical conductivity of the material based on the measurement results. processing of measurement results and calculation of errors is carried out during the laboratory.

25. 25.
    Lab. 2. determination of the horizontal summation and absolute value of the earth's magnetic field inductionLaboratory

    In this laboratory work, the basic parameters of the earth's magnetic field, its horizontal summation and the experimental determination of the total magnetic induction are studied. students investigate the properties of the magnetic field, calculate the value of the earth's magnetic field using measurement results, and analyze the results.

26. 26.
    Lab. 3. testing ampere's lawLaboratory

    In this laboratory study, the ampere force acting on a current-carrying conductor in a magnetic field is studied experimentally. students investigate the essence of ampere's law, the relationship between magnetic field, current intensity and force, and check the validity of the law based on measurement results.

27. 27.
    Lab. 4. verification of faraday's law of electromagnetic inductionLaboratory

    In this laboratory work, the phenomenon of electromagnetic induction and the main provisions of faraday's law are studied experimentally. students observe the induction EHQ generated during the change of magnetic flux, check the accuracy of faraday's law based on the measurement results.

28. 28.
    Lab. 5. study of decaying electromagnetic oscillationsLaboratory

    In this laboratory work, the decaying electromagnetic oscillations generated in the RLC circuit are studied experimentally. students study the main parameters of electromagnetic oscillations, oscillation period, frequency and extinction process, analyze the oscillation process based on the measurement results.

29. 29.
    Lab. 6. determination of inductance, electric capacity. verification of ohm's law for AC circuitLaboratory

    In this laboratory work, determination of inductance and electric capacity in alternating current circuits, as well as experimental verification of ohm's law for alternating current are studied. students explore the concepts of inductive resistance, capacitive resistance, total resistance (impedance) and phase shift, and calculate circuit parameters based on measurement results.

30. 30.
    Lab. 7. study of the phenomenon of light interference. determination of the wavelength of light using newton's ringsLaboratory

    In this laboratory work, the phenomenon of light interference and the mechanism of newton's rings are studied experimentally. students observe interference bands, determine the wavelength of light using measurement results, and investigate the basic patterns of interference phenomena.

31. 31.
    Lab. 8. study of the phenomenon of light diffraction. determination of the wavelength of light using a diffraction gratingLaboratory

    In this laboratory study, the phenomenon of light diffraction and the working principle of a diffraction grating are studied experimentally. students observe a diffraction pattern, determine the wavelength of light using a diffraction grating, and analyze the results.

32. 32.
    Lab. 9. study of the phenomenon of polarization of light. verification of malius' lawLaboratory

    In this laboratory work, the phenomenon of polarization of light and the law of malus are studied experimentally. students observe changes in light intensity using a polarizer and analyzer, verify the accuracy of malus's law using measurement results, and investigate the main characteristics of the phenomenon of polarization.

33. 33.
    Lab. 10. determination of the volt-ampere characteristic of a semiconductor diode. rating of a thermocoupleLaboratory

    In this laboratory work, the electrical properties of the semiconductor diode and the working principle of the thermocouple are studied experimentally. students determine the volt-ampere characteristic of a diode in forward and reverse connection modes, investigate and calibrate the thermoelectric properties of a thermocouple for temperature measurement.

34. 34.
    Subjects of free work: basic concepts and laws of electrostatics. dielectrics. electric field in dielectrics direct electric current magnetic field in vacuum and medium. the phenomenon of electromagnetic induction. self-self and mutual induction phenomena. lens rule. alternating current. maxwell's equations electromagnetic oscillations elements of geometric optics interference and diffraction of light dispersion and polarization of light alternating electric current electromagnetic wavesIndependent work

    In this independent work, students independently investigate the basic physical phenomena and laws related to the sections of electromagnetism and optics. during the work, the basic concepts and laws of electrostatics, electric field in dielectrics, constant and alternating electric current, magnetic field in vacuum and material environment, electromagnetic induction, self and mutual induction phenomena, lent's rule, alternating current and maxwell's equations are studied. theoretical data on electromagnetic oscillations, generation and propagation of electromagnetic waves, basics of geometrical optics, interference, diffraction, dispersion and polarization of light are also analyzed. basic laws, mathematical expressions, explanations of physical processes and their applications in modern techniques and technologies are examined. during the preparation of independent work, students use scientific literature and electronic information resources, systematize the obtained information, determine the relationships between physical phenomena and present the results in accordance with scientific-methodical requirements. this independent work develops the ability of students to analyze electromagnetic phenomena and optical processes in a complex manner, to apply theoretical knowledge to practical issues, to conduct independent research and to evaluate the role of the laws of physics in modern technical systems.

1. 1. a.m. pashayev, e.m. gocayev, h.s. orujov general physics course, "national aviation academy" baku 2012, p. 453
2. 2. e.m. gocayev - "general physics course" part i and ii, 2008, baku, "sabah", 439 p.(opens in a new tab)
3. 3. t.i. trofimova "physics course", m., izdatelsky center "akademiya", 2007(opens in a new tab)
4. 4. "fundamentals of physics" – david halliday, robert resnick, earl walker(opens in a new tab)
5. 5. e.m. gocayev, a.a. ahmad, s.a. zeynalov, sh.m. mehdiyeva, s.i. mammadova, physics (laboratory work) "apastrof-a" publishing house, baku, 2021.168 p.