Basics of networksTopics

Within the scope of the subject, the basic concepts of computer networks and the working principles of tcp/ip-based networks are studied. the organization of network communication, data transmission over the network, and the interaction of protocols are considered. the layers of the OSI and tcp/ip models, the main functions of each layer and the protocols used are explained. also, the structure, levels and practical application of OSI and tcp/ip models are comparatively investigated.

Within the subject, the basic concepts, terminology and working principles of local networks based on ethernet technology are studied. basic components, communication medium and data transfer principles used in ethernet lans are reviewed. the structure of an ethernet frame, MAC addressing, and the basic features of data exchange between network devices are explained. also, the architecture, physical and logical structure of ethernet lans and the role of ethernet technology in the organization of local networks are investigated.

Within the subject, the architecture, structure and working principles of wide area networks (wan) are studied. the interconnection of geographically remote networks, the main components of WAN infrastructures and the principles of data transfer between different networks are reviewed. the main features of the ipv4 protocol, the essence of the IP addressing and routing process are explained. routing tables, routing of packets to a destination network, and principles of routing in WAN environments are also explored.

The topic covers the basics of the command line interface (cli) used to configure and manage cisco network devices. the structure of the CLI environment, the basic operating modes, and the principles of entering commands are reviewed. access to network devices through console and remote connection, checking and managing basic device settings are explained. basic approaches to creating, maintaining, and verifying configurations via the CLI are also explored.

In the framework of the subject, the principles of switching and the process of data transmission in ethernet local networks are studied. the mechanisms by which network switches receive, process, and forward ethernet frames to the destination device are reviewed. the structure of an ethernet frame, the role of source and destination MAC addresses in data transmission are explained. the principles of MAC address table formation, switch address learning, and ethernet frame forwarding are also explored.

Within the framework of the subject, the concept, nature and role of virtual local networks (vlan) in network segmentation are studied. the principles of dividing the physical network infrastructure into logical networks, grouping devices belonging to different vlans, and separating broadcast domains are reviewed. the VLAN trunking mechanism, which ensures the transmission of traffic belonging to several vlans between switches, and the tagging of ethernet frames with VLAN information are explained. it also examines creating vlans, assigning ports to appropriate vlans, and configuring trunk connections on cisco network devices.

Spanning tree protocol (stp) and rapid spanning tree protocol (rstp) technologies used to prevent circuits in switched networks are studied within the subject. the causes of network loops and their impact on problems such as broadcast storms, multiple frame copies, and MAC address table instability are reviewed. STP explains the principles of selecting a root bridge, port roles and port states, and managing redundant network paths. the faster convergence properties of RSTP compared to STP are investigated. also considered is the etherchannel technology, which provides the combination of several physical links in the form of a single logical channel, and its interaction with stp.

The main principles of ipv4 addressing and the role of IP addresses in network communication are studied within the subject. the structure of ipv4 addresses, the network and host parts, as well as the basic characteristics of address ranges are reviewed. the essence of subnet masks, their role in identifying the network and host parts of an IP address, and their application are explained. it also examines the principles of dividing networks into smaller subnets, defining the subnet address, broadcast address, and range of usable host addresses.

In the framework of the topic, the basic principles of routing in ipv4 networks and the role of cisco routers in the transfer of packets between different networks are studied. the process of forming the routing table, determining the destination network, and routing packets to the appropriate direction is considered. the essence, main characteristics and application differences of static and dynamic routing approaches are explained. inter-vlan routing approaches used to provide connectivity between different vlans and their application in network infrastructure are also investigated.

Within the scope of the topic, the basic concepts and working principles of the OSPF (open shortest path first) protocol, which is one of the dynamic routing protocols, are studied. ospf's link-state routing approach, the establishment of neighbor relationships, and the principles of exchanging topological information about the network are reviewed. the process of forming the OSPF topology, creating the link-state database and calculating the shortest routes is explained. also, ospf's route selection and route update mechanisms according to changes in the network are investigated.

Within the scope of the topic, the principles of setting up the OSPF protocol on cisco network devices and checking the operating status are studied. the issues of activating the OSPF process, determining the router identifier, including the networks in the OSPF process and assigning them to the appropriate areas (areas) are considered. the process of forming OSPF neighbor relationships and exchanging route information is explained. also explored are approaches to verifying OSPF configuration, neighbor state, and learned routes through the appropriate cisco CLI commands and identifying possible configuration issues.

Within the scope of the topic, the essence, necessity of creation and main features of ipv6 addressing are studied. ipv6 address structure, writing rules, and address shortening principles are reviewed. the main types and classification of ipv6 addresses are explained, as well as the role of prefix length in defining network and interface parts. it also examines the principles of subnetting ipv6 networks, determining appropriate prefixes, and efficiently organizing the ipv6 address space.

In the framework of the subject, the basic principles of routing in ipv6 networks and the process of forwarding packets between different networks are studied. the principles of creating ipv6 routes, forming routing tables, and selecting the most appropriate route to a destination network are reviewed. the nature, key features, and implementation differences between static and dynamic ipv6 routing approaches are explained. routing of ipv6 packets through routers and management of route information according to changes in network topology are also investigated.

The basic principles, architecture and topologies of wireless local networks (wlan) are studied within the subject. the main network components used in WLAN environments, the principles of connecting devices to a wireless network and organizing data exchange are reviewed. IEEE 802.11 standards, their main features and the functions they perform in wireless network communication are explained. it also examines data transmission through radio waves, frequency bands, channels, and key factors affecting the quality of wireless communications.

Within the framework of the topic, the principles of establishing, centrally managing and maintaining wireless networks are studied. approaches to integrating wireless access points into a network, creating wlans, and managing user connections are reviewed. the essence of wireless LAN controller (wlc) technology is explained, its role in the network and its use in centralized management of multiple wireless access points. it also examines the configuration, monitoring, and basic management operations of wireless networks through the wlc.