Ecology of the mining industryTopics

Mining is a strategic engineering field that has laid the foundation for modern industry, infrastructure, and high technology by extracting fuel, metal, and construction raw materials from underground since ancient times. from the first stone tools to today's digital systems, this field has produced vital products such as oil, coal, gold and copper. the main conclusion of the topic is that mining in the 21st century aims not only at resource extraction, but also at the sustainable extraction of critical metals needed for the transition to green energy without harming the environment.

Mineral deposits are combustible, ore and non-ore mineral accumulations that are naturally formed in the earth's crust and are economically beneficial for industry; and their extraction is carried out mainly by two methods depending on the depth of the deposit - open (quarry), which is economically cheap in the near-surface layers, and technically complex underground (frost/well) methods in the deep layers.

Open pit mining (quarry method) is the process of extracting minerals located close to the earth's surface or in shallow layers, directly from the earth's surface by excavating and removing the overlying useless rock layer. this method is the most widespread form of production in the modern mining industry, surpassing the underground mining method in terms of high productivity, low cost and worker safety.

The quality of mined mineral, the degree of loss and impoverishment (deterioration of ore content) during extraction are the three main technological indicators that determine the economic efficiency of mining and the industrial value of raw materials. loss is the inability to remove a certain part of the mineral in the deposit, remaining underground or in transport; impoverishment is the reduction of the useful component (for example, the percentage of gold, copper) in the ore mass as a result of mixing the surrounding useless rocks into the ore mass.

Drilling and blasting is the main technological process used in open and underground mining to mechanically crush solid rocks and mineral layers for subsequent excavation, loading and transportation stages. this process is based on the principle of opening wells (spurs) in the rock with special drilling machines and filling those wells with explosives and detonating them in a controlled manner.

Dumping is a process of systematic and safe placement of unusable (empty) rock taken from above and around the mineral during open pit mining in specially designated areas. this process involves the efficient removal of loose rock mass by means of excavators, dump trucks or conveyors, in addition to cleaning the mine site.

The features of sapinti mining include the process of extracting valuable minerals (gold, platinum, diamonds, titanium, etc.) from loose, soft rock layers collected as a result of erosion, mainly in riverbeds, seashores or mountain foothills. unlike solid ore deposits, these deposits do not require drilling and blasting, they are easily mined, and since the metal contained in them is already in a free (granular) state, they are enriched on the spot by washing through water and gravity (separation by weight) in parallel with production.

Underground mining is the process of exploration, production and opening of special rock cavities under the ground for mine ventilation and transportation needs, which have no access to the surface of the earth or are connected to the earth's surface only on one side. these excavations are divided into exploratory, preparatory and production excavations according to their purpose, and into vertical (frost barrel), horizontal (strek, kvershlag) and inclined (slope) groups according to their location, forming a complex underground infrastructure network.

Extraction of minerals by new and special methods - innovative extraction technologies applied in cases where traditional open or underground mining methods are economically, technically or ecologically unfavorable (for example, in very deep, poor composition or complex geological deposits). these methods include underground leaching, which dissolves rocks in situ with chemical solutions, thermal methods that turn coal into gas underground, as well as ocean floor mining and futuristic space (asteroid) mining technologies.

Processing of minerals by geotechnological methods is an innovative extraction technology based on transporting the mineral to the surface by directly affecting the deposit with chemical, thermal, hydrodynamic or microbiological factors, without bringing the rocks to the surface, through special wells. the most widespread type of underground alkalization (the ISL method in uranium, copper and gold mining), as well as underground gasification of coal and smelting of salts through a well, replaces traditional mining operations (ice and quarries) with a chemical-technological process.

Recultivation of ecologically damaged lands by mining is the process of restoration of areas whose natural structure, relief and productivity have been completely destroyed as a result of mining activities (quarries, mines, waste dumps) and returning them to nature, agriculture or forestry. this process consists of two main successive stages: the technical stage (smoothing the relief of the area, strengthening the slopes and spreading the pre-stored fertile soil layer) and the biological stage (revitalizing the soil by agrotechnical methods, planting vegetation and forests).

Safety of mining production is a system of legal, organizational and technical measures applied in mining enterprises (quarries and mines) to protect the life and health of workers, to minimize the risks of accidents, avalanches, explosions and occupational diseases. safety in this field, which requires handling heavy machinery, toxic gases, rock pressure and explosives, involves comprehensive management of personal protective equipment, strict ventilation-monitoring networks and ongoing technical training.

Labor hygiene in the mining industry is a system of scientific and practical measures that detect, assess and eliminate in preventive ways harmful production factors (mining dust, toxic gases, vibration, high noise, extreme temperature and humidity) that negatively affect the health of workers working in the mining and processing processes. this area ensures adaptation of the working environment to sanitary-hygienic norms (yvk - permissible concentration limit) in order to prevent specific occupational diseases such as pneumoconiosis (lung dust disease), occupational deafness and poisoning.

– bu mövzu 1918-ci ildə yaradılmış azərbaycan xalq cümhuriyyətinin yaranma səbəblərini və fəaliyyətini əhatə edir. dövlətin 23 aylıq fəaliyyəti dövründə həyata keçirilən siyasi, iqtisadi, hüquqi və təhsil sahəsində islahatlar araşdırılır. xarici siyasətdə əldə olunan diplomatik uğurlar və beynəlxalq münasibətlərdə atılan addımlar təhlil edilir. azərbaycan xalq cümhuriyyətinin dövlətçilik tariximizdəki əhəmiyyəti xüsusi vurğulanır.

The new prospects of the mining industry in azerbaijan represent a transition from traditional production to an innovative, digital and diversified industrial model in order to reduce the country's dependence on the oil and gas factor and strengthen the non-oil sector. this new period includes the systematic inclusion of rich gold, copper, zinc and polymetallic deposits of the freed karabakh and eastern zangezur economic regions (kalbajar, zangilan, lachin) into circulation, as well as the application of exploration and production strategies that meet international standards in the existing deposits.