AZTUProgrammes

Subject · Environmental engineering

Alternative energy sourcesTopics

İFS-4185y5 creditsAutumn semesterElective2025-2026

Topic plan

The subject's topics and the learning outcomes attached to each one.

17 topics

  1. 1. 1. introduction. the subject of the subject. general information. the concept of energy.

    Lecture

    Energy reserves are inexhaustible. that energy reserve is collected in the sun's rays, wind, moving masses of various substances, underground heat sources, oceans, extracted gas, oil, coal, etc. another inexhaustible source of energy is in the nuclei of matter atoms. energy and its different types. mechanical, kinetic, potential energy. laws of thermodynamics

    Topic learning outcomes

    • 2. analyzes the properties of mechanical, kinetic and potential energy, laws of transformation and basic laws of thermodynamics.
    • 1. explains the concept of energy, its main types and renewable and non-renewable energy sources that exist in nature.
    Open resource: 1. introduction. the subject of the subject. general information. the concept of energy. (opens in a new tab)

  2. 2. 2. enerjiyə tələbatın artması. adi elektrik ötürücü xətlərinin işçi məsafələri

    Lecture

    Mühüm problemlərdən biri də elektrik enerjisinin ötürülməsi və paylanmasıdır. “elektrik ötürücü xətt” deyəndə yerli yaxud paylayıcı elektrik şəbəkələrdən fərqli olaraq, daha böyük güclərin (onlarla, yüzlərlə meqavatt) çox böyük məsafələrə (50 km–dən 1000 km qədər və daha çox) ötürülməsi nəzərdə tutulur.

    Topic learning outcomes

    • 1. it explains the reasons for the increase in energy demand and its impact on the development of energy systems.
    • 2. analyzes the principles of transmission and distribution of electric power, the designation of power transmission lines and the characteristics of working distances.
    Open resource: 2. enerjiyə tələbatın artması. adi elektrik ötürücü xətlərinin işçi məsafələri (opens in a new tab)

  3. 3. 3. atmosferin mühafizəsi. istixana effekti və ona qarşı tədbirlər.

    Lecture

    Turş yağışlar, smoq və fotokimyəvi duman i̇nsanın təsərrüfat fəaliyyətinin nəticəsində atmosferdə karbon qazının (co2), azot oksidlərinin (nox), karbohidrogenlərin (ch4), toz və rütubətinin miqdarı daima artır. qazların “parnik effektində” payı. yanacağın yandırılması. meşələrin məhv edilməsi.

    Topic learning outcomes

    • 2. analyzes the impact of carbon dioxide (co₂), nitrogen oxides (noₓ), methane (ch₄) and other pollutants on the atmosphere and climate changes.
    • 1. explains the causes of atmospheric pollution, the greenhouse effect, acid rain, smog and photochemical fog formation mechanism.
    Open resource: 3. atmosferin mühafizəsi. istixana effekti və ona qarşı tədbirlər. (opens in a new tab)

  4. 4. 4. renewable energy sources. the structure of the future energy industry.

    Lecture

    Renewable energy sources. the structure of the future energy industry. increasingly expensive organic and inorganic fuels make people use other types of energy. at present, the issues of using solar and wind energy, energy of underground and thermal water, energy of flowing rivers, swells and withdrawals in seas and oceans, temperature change in seas due to changes in depth, fuel elements, etc. are becoming more relevant day by day. special converters that allow you to get electricity directly from solar energy, creating special wind power plants to get electricity using wind energy, doing many things to use inexhaustible hydro resources.

    Topic learning outcomes

    • 2. analyzes the role of renewable energy technologies in the future energy system and their advantages compared to traditional energy sources.
    • 1. explains the characteristics and working principles of renewable energy sources (solar, wind, hydropower, geothermal, buoyancy-gravitational and other alternative sources).
    Open resource: 4. renewable energy sources. the structure of the future energy industry. (opens in a new tab)

  5. 5. 5. using wind energy. causes and indicators of wind formation.

    Lecture

    Assessment of the possibility of effective use of wind energy. absheron's wind mode. the wind regime of the mountains. durability of wind-electric installations. aerodynamic characteristics of wind turbine blades. mechanical strength of low speed "slow shaft" wind turbines

    Topic learning outcomes

    • 2. analyzes the potential of wind energy, including the wind regime of absheron and mountainous areas, evaluates the working characteristics of wind-electric installations.
    • 1. explains the causes of wind, its main indicators and the principles of using wind energy.
    Open resource: 5. using wind energy. causes and indicators of wind formation. (opens in a new tab)

  6. 6. 6. types of wind turbines. environmental impact of wind turbines.

    Lecture

    A wind turbine with an inclined axis of rotation. a wind turbine with a vertical axis of rotation. use of wind turbine. wind energy utilization factor. kinetic energy of air flow. savonius' wind engine. darya's wind engine. . formation of breezes. monsoons. wind speed. forces generated by the rotation of the earth. wind strength and direction. environmental problems caused by wind power plants. biodiversity disruption.

    Topic learning outcomes

    • 2. savonius and darrieus analyze the effect of wind turbines, kinetic energy of air flow, wind speed and direction on the efficiency of wind turbines.
    • 1. explains the types of wind turbines, their working principles and the process of converting wind energy into electricity.
    Open resource: 6. types of wind turbines. environmental impact of wind turbines. (opens in a new tab)

  7. 7. 7. types of systems that accumulate wind energy.

    Lecture

    Wind as the most powerful energy source. development rate of wind energy and wind installations. technical and operational parameters of wind turbines. wind engines and installations.

    Topic learning outcomes

    • 1. explains the types of wind energy storage systems, working principles and areas of application.
    • 2. analyzes the technical and operational parameters of wind turbines, the characteristics of wind engines and their efficiency in energy production.
    Open resource: 7. types of systems that accumulate wind energy. (opens in a new tab)

  8. 8. 8. processes in the sun. solar radiation on the earth's surface.

    Lecture

    Solar system. the average distance between the sun and the earth. structure and formation of the sun. photosphere layer located 700,000 km from the center of the sun. the layer of gas that makes up the sun's atmosphere. the basis of solar radiation energy is the fusion reaction of hydrogen nuclei

    Topic learning outcomes

    • 2. analyzes the characteristics of solar radiation reaching the earth's surface and the factors affecting it.
    • 3. evaluates the importance of solar energy in energy production and as a source of renewable energy, substantiates the possibilities of practical application.
    • 1. explains the structure of the sun, the main physical processes taking place in the sun, and the mechanism of the formation of solar radiation.
    Open resource: 8. processes in the sun. solar radiation on the earth's surface. (opens in a new tab)

  9. 9. 9. using solar energy. solar heating systems for water heating. solar collectors.

    Lecture

    Solar heating systems are passive and active. passive systems. active thermal solar systems. the effect of solar radiation. "tracking" systems. photo and thermoelectric conversion of solar energy. the role of "solar architecture". characterization of the amount of solar radiation impact on different surfaces.

    Topic learning outcomes

    • 1. explains the methods of using solar energy and the working principle of solar heating systems (passive and active).
    • 2. evaluates the areas of application and efficiency of solar collectors, water heating systems, photoelectric and thermoelectric conversion technologies.
    Open resource: 9. using solar energy. solar heating systems for water heating. solar collectors. (opens in a new tab)

  10. 10. 10. pipelines of collectors and heat accumulators

    Lecture

    Flat (flat) and focusing (concentrator) collectors. water heating collectors. efficient pipes. hermetic systems. designing of collectors. anti-corrosion pipes. optimal accumulation. real (sensible) heat accumulation and latent accumulation. accumulated heat energy.

    Topic learning outcomes

    • 1. explains the structure, working principle and functions of solar collectors (flat and focusing), pipelines and thermal accumulators.
    • 2. evaluates the application characteristics of water heating collectors, hermetic systems, effective pipes and corrosion protection methods.
    Open resource: 10. pipelines of collectors and heat accumulators (opens in a new tab)

  11. 11. 11. working principle of solar photovoltaic cells. production of photocells.

    Lecture

    Electric voltage. power of electric current. sequential compounding. photocell characteristics. parallel connection of the photocell. series electrical connection of photocells. mixed combinations of photovoltaic cells.

    Topic learning outcomes

    • 1. explains the structure of solar photovoltaic cells, the principle of operation and the main stages of production technology.
    • 2. analyzes the electrical characteristics of photocells (voltage, current and output power) and evaluates their operating mode.
    Open resource: 11. working principle of solar photovoltaic cells. production of photocells. (opens in a new tab)

  12. 12. Working principle of solar photovoltaic cells. production of photocells.

    Lecture

    Electric voltage. power of electric current. sequential compounding. photocell characteristics. parallel connection of the photocell. series electrical connection of photocells. mixed combinations of photovoltaic cells.

    Open resource: Working principle of solar photovoltaic cells. production of photocells. (opens in a new tab)

  13. 13. 12. solar generator, electric load. electric batteries.

    Lecture

    Useful efficiency of solar cells. photogenerators. photogenerator electricity. volt-ampere characteristic of solar cell. photoelectric motive force. accumulation.

    Topic learning outcomes

    • 1. explains the structure, working principle and interaction of solar generators, photogenerators and electric accumulators.
    • 2. analyzes the efficiency of solar cells, volt-ampere characteristics and the effect of photoelectric motive force on energy production.
    Open resource: 12. solar generator, electric load. electric batteries. (opens in a new tab)

  14. 14. 13. automatic solar orientation systems. environmental impact of solar installations. tower type solar thermal power plant.

    Lecture

    Solar elements. solar battery. tracking system. the rotation of the earth. intensity of solar radiation. equatorial tracking systems. photoelectric conversion. heliostat system. azimuthal tracking system. construction of tower-type solar power plants. flat mirrors. the height of the tower. concentrating collectors. heliostats. solar ovens. energy production.

    Topic learning outcomes

    • 2. analyzes the structure, working principle and application areas of tower-type solar thermal power plants, heliostat systems, concentrating collectors and solar furnaces.
    • 1. explains the principle of operation, types (azimuthal and equatorial) and role in energy production of automatic orientation (tracking) systems to the sun.
    Open resource: 13. automatic solar orientation systems. environmental impact of solar installations. tower type solar thermal power plant. (opens in a new tab)

  15. 15. 14. general information about geothermal energy sources.

    Lecture

    General information about geothermal energy sources geothermal energy. amount of geothermal energy. energy of geothermal waters. countries rich in geothermal heat sources. methods of using geothermal waters. three forms of underground geothermal resources: hot water, hot broken rocks, dry hot stones. types of geothermal hot water according to temperature: epithermal, mesothermal, hyperthermal. thermal regimes of these species

    Topic learning outcomes

    • 2. analyzes the methods of using geothermal waters, the forms of underground geothermal resources (hot water, hot broken rocks, dry hot stones) and their fields of application.
    • 1. explains the characteristics of the formation of geothermal energy sources, the types of geothermal energy and its distribution around the world.
    Open resource: 14. general information about geothermal energy sources. (opens in a new tab)

  16. 16. 15. types of ocean energy. using the energy of the ocean and seas. the energy of sea waves.

    Lecture

    Ways to convert ocean energy into electricity. thermal energy accumulated in the ocean. temperature difference of ocean layers. the energy of sea waves. pneumatic converter of wave energy. the power of wave-power plants. the unit of length of a wavefront

    Topic learning outcomes

    • 2. analyzes the methods of converting ocean energy into electrical energy, the principles of using the energy of sea waves, and the working mechanism of pneumatic converters.
    • 1. explains the types of ocean and marine energy, their generation mechanism and their importance as a renewable energy source.
    Open resource: 15. types of ocean energy. using the energy of the ocean and seas. the energy of sea waves. (opens in a new tab)

  17. 17.