Materialların tədqiqinin müasir metodlarıTopics

Electronics materials are the main materials used in the development of electronic devices and systems. they include conductors, semiconductors, dielectrics, magnetic and optical materials. the electrical, thermal, magnetic and optical properties of these materials determine the principle of operation and reliability of electronic devices.

Conductive materials conduct electricity well, semiconductors are materials whose conductivity is controlled, and dielectrics do not conduct electricity. these materials differ in electrical, optical, acoustic, thermal, magnetic and mechanical properties and are used for various purposes in electronic engineering.

Conductive materials are materials that conduct electricity well due to free electrons. the most common conductors are metals, which are characterized by high electrical conductivity. superconducting materials completely lose electrical resistance below the critical temperature and transmit current without loss.

Dielectrics are divided into elemental and compound type materials. the main semiconductors are germanium (ge), silicon (si) and silicon carbide (sic), which are widely used in electronics and power electronics devices.

Dielectrics are divided into elemental and compound type materials. the main semiconductors are germanium (ge), silicon (si) and silicon carbide (sic), which are widely used in electronics and power electronics devices.

Dielectric materials are materials that conduct electric current very poorly and become polarized in an electric field. they are used for electrical insulation. the main types of electrical conductivity of dielectrics are bulk conductivity and surface conductivity. dielectric materials are divided into organic and inorganic according to their origin, and solid, liquid and gas dielectrics according to their aggregate state.

Active dielectrics are materials that change their properties under the influence of an electric field (for example, piezoelectric, ferroelectric and pyroelectric materials). passive dielectrics, on the other hand, are mainly used for electrical insulation and electrical energy storage, and their properties do not change significantly under the influence of an external field. active dielectrics are used in sensors, transducers and capacitors, while passive dielectrics are used in cables, transformers and insulation of electronic devices.

Magnetic materials are materials that become magnetized under the influence of a magnetic field and are widely used in electrical machines, transformers, motors, and memory devices. materials are divided into diamagnetic, paramagnetic, ferromagnetic, antiferromagnetic and ferrimagnetic materials according to their magnetic properties.

Nanomaterials are materials with dimensions between 1–100 nm and exhibit physical, chemical, and mechanical properties different from ordinary materials. they are divided into 0d, 1d, 2d and 3d nanoobjects. as a result of quantum effects and quantum confinement in nanoobjects, the movement of electrons is limited, which leads to changes in the electrical, optical and magnetic properties of materials.

Quantum objects are nanostructures in which the movement of electrons is restricted in one or more directions. they include quantum holes, quantum wires and quantum dots. geometrical and electronic approximations are used in the study of nanostructures. the main elements of nanostructures are free surfaces and interphase boundaries, which have an important effect on the physical properties of the material.

Carbon nanomaterials include fullerenes, fullerites, and carbon nanotubes. fullerene is a nanoparticle with a closed lattice structure of carbon atoms, while fullerite is a crystalline form of fullerene molecules. carbon nanotubes are characterized by high strength, electrical and thermal conductivity. these materials are widely used in nanoelectronics, composite materials, energy, medicine and sensor technologies.

Graphene is a two-dimensional material composed of carbon atoms one atom thick. it has unique properties such as high electrical and thermal conductivity, strength and transparency. the band gap in graphene is created by the preparation of nanoribbons, chemical modification and application of an external electric field. graphene is widely used in electronics, sensors, power devices and composite materials. photon crystals are periodic optical structures that control the propagation of light. they are divided into 1d, 2d, and 3d photonic crystals, fabricated by lithography and self-assembly methods, and applied in optical communications, lasers, sensors, and optical filters.

Xx əsrin 90-cı illərində azərbaycanın yenidən öz müstəqilliyini bərpa etməsi prosesini, müstəqil dövlət quruculuğunun əsas mərhələlərini öyrənir. bununla bərabər ermənistan-azərbaycan münaqişəsi gedişində baş verən hərbi-siyasi hadisələr və onların ölkənin sonrakı inkişafına təsiri nəzərdən keçirilir.

The x-ray method is one of the main research methods used to study the crystal structure. this method works on the basis of scattering of x-rays on crystal planes, i.e. diffraction phenomenon. the structure of the crystal, lattice parameters and arrangement of atoms are determined through the analysis of the obtained diffraction pattern.

X-ray powder analysis is an x-ray diffraction method used to study powdery substances with a crystalline structure. through this method, the phase composition of the substance, the degree of crystallinity, the parameters of the crystal lattice and the size of the crystallites are determined.

The microscopy method is used to study the surface structure and microstructure of materials. due to its high resolution, electron microscopy allows for accurate investigation of surface morphology, defects and nanostructure. an electric force microscope (efm) is a type of atomic force microscopy used to study surface electric charge and electric field distribution.

Ultrasonic defectoscopy is a non-destructive inspection method used to detect internal defects in metals. in this method, the reflection of ultrasonic waves sent to the material from cracks, voids and other defects is analyzed. based on the reflected signals, the location, size and depth of the defect is determined.

Oje (oje/auger) electron spectroscopy is a surface analysis method used to study the elemental composition and chemical state of the surface of materials. this method is based on the measurement of the energy of oje electrons and allows to study the first few atomic layers of the surface of the material with high precision.

Scanning probe microscopy (spm) is a high-precision method that allows studying the surface of materials at the atomic and nanometer level. this method includes atomic force microscopy (afm) and scanning tunneling microscopy (stm). in nanotechnology, probe methods are widely used to study surface structure, electrical and mechanical properties

Electron beam lithography (ebl) is a technique that uses an electron beam to produce high-precision nanostructures. x-ray lithography enables the formation of very small structures using short-wavelength x-rays. ion-beam lithography (ibl) creates nanometer-sized patterns on the surface of the material under the influence of ion beams.

Imprint lithography (nanoprinting) is a method of transferring nanometer-sized patterns to the surface of a material using a special mold. probe lithography is based on the formation of nanostructures on a surface by means of an atomic force or a scanning probe. feather nanolithography is a method of precisely placing molecules on a surface using a special tip (pen/feather).

Atomic force microscopy (afm) allows studying the surface structure, dimensions and mechanical properties of nanomaterials at the nanometer level. a magnetic force microscope (mfm) is used to study the magnetic field distribution and magnetic domains on the surface of magnetic materials.

Thermoelectric phenomena are characterized by the fact that a temperature difference creates an electric voltage and an electric current causes heat exchange. photon energy creates electron-hole pairs during optical absorption in semiconductors. this phenomenon leads to an increase in photoconductivity. light radiation during the recombination of electrons is called luminescence and is the basis of the working principle of optoelectronic devices.

Nanomaterials are materials with dimensions between 1–100 nm and exhibit physical, chemical, and mechanical properties different from ordinary materials. according to their structure, they are classified as 0d (nanoparticles), 1d (nanotubes, nanowires), 2d (graphene) and 3d (nanocomposites). quantum effects and quantum confinement appear because the movement of electrons is limited in nanoobjects. these phenomena cause changes in electrical, optical and magnetic properties of materials.

The x-ray method is one of the main analysis methods used in the study of crystalline materials. this method is based on the phenomenon of diffraction (scattering) of x-rays in crystal planes. by analyzing the diffraction results, the structure of the crystal lattice, lattice parameters, arrangement of atoms and phase composition are determined.

Xviii əsrin ortalarında azərbaycanda mərkəzi hakimiyyətin zəifləməsi nəticəsində meydana gəlmiş xanlıqların ərazisi, sərhədləri, onların idarəetmə formasından bəhs edir.eyni zamanda mövzuda xanlıqların xarici dövlətlərlə olan əlaqələri də işıqlandırır.

Students learn the physical basis of the OJE (oje/auger electron spectroscopy) method, the mechanism of auger electron generation, the working principle of the device, and the application of this method in determining the element composition and chemical state of the surface of substances.

By mastering the basic principles of scanning probe microscopy, the working mechanism of probe methods (stm, afm, etc.), the structure, and the fields of application in the study of the surface of nanomaterials.

Students learn the working principles, technological features, advantages and applications of electron beam lithography (ebl), x-ray lithography and ion beam lithography in the preparation of nanostructures.

Students experimentally study the process of oxidation of semiconductor plates, the methods of obtaining the oxide layer and the main factors affecting this process, and analyze the obtained results.

Students learn the methods of obtaining silicon and germanium epitaxial layers, the main stages of the epitaxy process and the effect of technological parameters on the quality of the layer in laboratory conditions.

Students learn the methods of synthesis of silver nanoparticles, the stages of the production process and the effect of synthesis parameters on the size and properties of nanoparticles in laboratory conditions.

Students study the working principle, structure and surface topography measurement methods of probe microscopy methods (stm, afm, etc.) used in the study of nanostructures in laboratory conditions.

Students study the technology of obtaining two-dimensional nanostructures by the anode tanning method, the main stages of the process and the effect of technological parameters on the properties of nanostructures in laboratory conditions.

Students study the technology of obtaining two-dimensional nanostructures by the anode tanning method, the main stages of the process and the effect of technological parameters on the properties of nanostructures in laboratory conditions.