Lazer fizikasıSyllabus

Subject code

İF-2438y

Credits

7

Student workload

210

Semester

Autumn semester

Academic year

2025-2026

Subject type

Mandatory

Form of education

Full-time

Language of instruction

Azerbaijani

In-class hours

a) 30 saat mühazirə, b) 15 saat seminar, c) 15 saat laboratoriya

Out-of-class hours

a) 150 saat TSİ, b) 60 saat MRTSİ

Lazer fizikası fənninin əsas məqsədi lazer şüalanmasının yaranma prinsiplərini, fiziki xüsusiyyətlərini, lazerlərin quruluşunu və işləmə mexanizmini öyrətməkdir. bu fənn həmçinin lazerlərin sənaye, tibb, rabitə, elmi tədqiqat və digər sahələrdə tətbiqi, eləcə də lazerlə işləyərkən təhlükəsizlik qaydalarının mənimsədilməsini təmin edir.

• lecture
• seminar
• laboratory work
• presentations
• interactive discussion

No learning outcomes have been added.

1. 1.
   The history and development stages of lasers. introduction. the purpose and content of teaching the subject. history and development of lasers.Lecture

   In this topic, the history of the creation of lasers, development stages, amplification of electromagnetic radiation by the principle of forced radiation, and the creation of the first quantum generators (masers and first lasers) are studied. it also provides general information about the working principle of lasers and their importance in modern science and technology.

2. 2.
   Physical basis of quantum electronics. postulates of quantum mechanics.Lecture

   In this subject, the physical foundations of quantum electronics, the basic postulates of quantum mechanics, the mechanism of occurrence of quantum transitions, the energy spectrum of quantum states, energy levels and spectral properties of atoms are studied. these concepts form the theoretical basis of the creation of laser radiation.

3. 3.
   Physical basis of quantum electronics. interaction of quantum systems with electromagnetic field.Lecture

   In this subject, the physical foundations of quantum electronics, the interaction of quantum systems with the electromagnetic field, absorption of electromagnetic waves, spontaneous and forced radiation processes, as well as einstein's coefficients and their physical meaning are studied. these concepts are the main theoretical principles that explain the mechanism of laser radiation.

4. 4.
   Physical basis of quantum electronics. the width and shape of the spectral lines of radiation. reasons for the broadening of spectral linesLecture

   In this topic, the physical foundations of quantum electronics, the generation of spectral lines of radiation, their width and shape, as well as the factors that cause the broadening of spectral lines are studied. mechanisms such as natural, doppler and collisional broadening of spectral lines and their effect on radiation processes are explained.

5. 5.
   Physical basis of quantum electronics. inverse combination of levels. amplification of light by means of a three-level system.Lecture

   In this topic, the physical foundations of quantum electronics, the concept of inverse population of energy levels, the principle of light amplification in three-level systems, the methods of creating the inversion state of particles in active environments, and the concept of negative temperature are studied. also, the energy distribution and excitation processes important for the generation of lasers are explained.

6. 6.
   The structure and working principle of the laser. classification and structure of lasers. main technical characteristics of lasersLecture

   In this topic, the structure and working principle of lasers, the main elements of laser systems, the classification of lasers according to different types and structural features are studied. it also provides information on the main technical characteristics of lasers — output power, wavelength, radiation mode, efficiency and other parameters.

7. 7.
   The structure and working principle of the laser. working principle of lasers. continuous and pulse mode of operation of lasers. basic properties of laser beamsLecture

   In this topic, the working principle, structural elements and mechanism of action of lasers are studied. continuous and pulse operation modes of lasers, main properties of laser beams — monochromaticity, coherence, directivity and polarization characteristics are explained. also, the importance of these properties in the fields of application of laser radiation is investigated.

8. 8.
   Optical resonators. optical resonators. types of resonator. the quality of the resonator. stability condition. losses in the resonator. (m)Lecture

   In this topic, the structure, working principle and role of optical resonators in laser systems are studied. types of resonators, quality factor, stability condition and losses in optical resonators are investigated. the effect of resonators on the formation and amplification of laser radiation is also explained.

9. 9.
   Solid state lasers. ruby (ruby) (al2oz) laser, operating modes. neodymium (yag:nd+3) laser. advantages of neodymium laser over ruby ​​laser.Lecture

   In this topic, the structure and working principle of solid-state lasers, the characteristics and working modes of the ruby ​​(al₂o₃:cr³⁺) laser are studied. also, the neodymium (yag:nd³⁺) laser structure, operating principle, main parameters and advantages compared to the ruby ​​laser are investigated.

10. 10.
    Gas lasers. types of gas lasers: atomic, ion and molecular lasers. methods of creating the inverse state of particles in gases.Lecture

    In this topic, the structure, working principle and main types of gas lasers — atomic, ion and molecular lasers — are studied. methods of creating the inverse state of particles in gas environments, the structure and working principle of an optical quantum generator based on he-ne mixture are investigated. it also provides information on the features, technical characteristics and application areas of ion gas lasers, argon (ar) laser, molecular co₂ laser.

11. 11.
    Liquid lasers. liquid lasers based on complex organic and inorganic compounds. changing the wavelength of the laser beam using different dyesLecture

    In this topic, the structure, working principle and main characteristics of liquid lasers are studied. active environments of liquid lasers created on the basis of complex organic and inorganic compounds, their energy levels and radiation mechanisms are investigated. also, the principles of adjusting and changing the wavelength of the laser beam using different dyes are explained.

12. 12.
    Semiconductor injection lasers. structure and working principle of semiconductor injection laser. the mechanism of creation of inverse settlement in semiconductors. parameters and characteristics of semiconductor injection laser.Lecture

    In this topic, the structure, working principle and main characteristics of semiconductor injection lasers are studied. the mechanism of creation of inverse population in semiconductors, generation of laser radiation as a result of electron-hole transitions, as well as the main parameters and characteristics of semiconductor injection lasers are investigated.

13. 13.
    Semiconductor injection lasers. heterojunction lasersLecture

    In this topic, the structure and working principle of heterojunction lasers, which are the main types of semiconductor injection lasers, are studied. the characteristics of one-heterojunction and two-heterojunction lasers, the working mechanism of lasers based on n-gaas and p-ge heterojunctions, as well as the structure and advantages of injection lasers created on the basis of gaas–alₓga₁₋ₓas materials are investigated. the principles of active region formation and inverse population formation in double heterojunction lasers are explained.

14. 14.
    Applications of lasers. the use of laser radiation in science, technology, manufacturing, military affairs and medicine.Independent work

    In this topic, the directions of application of laser radiation in modern science, technology, production, military field and medicine are studied. the use of laser technologies in measurement, communication, materials processing, ranging, targeting, surgery and diagnostics is explored.

15. 15.
    Absorption of electromagnetic waves, spontaneous and forced radiation. einstein coefficients.Independent work

    Absorption of electromagnetic waves, spontaneous and forced radiation processes, einstein's coefficients and their physical meaning are studied.

16. 16.
    The structure and working principle of the laser. basic properties of laser beams.Independent work

    The structure of the laser, the working principle and the main properties of laser beams (monochromaticity, coherence, directivity and polarization) are studied.

17. 17.
    Optical resonators. the quality of the resonator. stability condition.Independent work

    The structure, quality and stability condition of optical resonators are studied. the role of resonators in laser systems and their effect on the formation of radiation is investigated.

18. 18.
    Solid state lasers, working principle, technical characteristics.Independent work

    The structure, working principle and main technical characteristics of solid-state lasers are studied. solid materials used as an active medium, energy transfer, and the process of generating laser radiation are investigated.

19. 19.
    10. chemical kinetics and catalysis. reaction speed and compositionLecture
20. 20.
    Molecular gas lasers. co2 laser, inverse settlement mechanism.Independent work

    The structure, working principle of molecular gas lasers and the mechanism of creation of inverse settlement in co₂ laser are studied. the energy levels of gas molecules, vibrational transitions and the process of laser radiation generation are investigated.

21. 21.
    Liquid lasers based on complex organic and inorganic compounds.Independent work

    The structure, working principle and active media of liquid lasers are studied based on complex organic and inorganic compounds. the mechanism of formation of laser radiation in dyes and other compounds is investigated.

22. 22.
    Structure and working principle of semiconductor injection laser.Independent work

    The structure of semiconductor injection lasers, the principle of operation and the mechanism of radiation generation are studied. electron-hole transitions, creation of inverse population, and obtaining laser effect in semiconductor materials are investigated.

23. 23.
    Fields of application of laser beamsIndependent work

    The application of laser beams in science, technology, production, medicine, communication and military fields is studied. the use of laser technologies in measurement, processing, diagnostics and data transmission is investigated.

1. 1. zhukov a.e. fundamentals of physics and technologies of semiconductor lasers in st. petersburg. : изд-во academic. university, 2016. – 320 p.
2. 2. p. a. ryabochkina, a. a. lyapin, k. n. нишчев. laboratory practice in physics lasers. saransk: изд-во мордов. university, 2016. – 70 p.
3. 3. sergeev, i.i. основы физики лазеров: учебное пособие по курсу «физика» для студентов бгуир всех специальностей и форм обучения/ и.и.сергеев.- минск: бгуир, 2010.- 30 p
4. 4. zvelto о. principles of lasers / per. pod nauch. ed. t. a. shmaonov. 4-eizd. — st. petersburg: издательство "лань", 2008. — 720 с. (teaching aids for universities. special literature).
5. 5. a. e. zhukov. lasers based on semiconductor nanostructures. spb.: ооо "technomedia" / изд-во "elmor", 2007.
6. 8. r.c. gasimova, f.h. hajiyev, sh.sh. amirov. specialization practicum in quantum electronics. baku university publishing house, 1994, 100 p.
7. —
8. 6. kaczmarek f. introduction to physics of lasers. m.: mir, 1986.
9. 7. a. e. zhukov, m.v. maksimov. modern injection lasers. spb.: издво polytechnic. university, 2009.