Chemistry and technology of polymersSyllabus

Subject code

: İFS-3054y

Credits

7

Student workload

210

Semester

Spring semester

Academic year

2025-2026

Subject type

Mandatory

Form of education

Full-time

Language of instruction

Azerbaijani

In-class hours

a) Mühazirə- 45 saat b) Seminar-30 saat

Out-of-class hours

a) TSİ-81 saat b) MRTSİ-54 saat

1. general information 2. polymer materials and their types 3. the most important polymers in the use of polymer compositions. 4. ingredients of polymer compositions 5. examples of the most important compositions created on the basis of polymers 6. fields of application of polymer materials

• lecture
• seminar
• presentations
• teamwork

1. 1

   CLO 1: Explains the chemical structure, classification, main properties and methods of production of polymers.

2. 2

   CLO 2: Compares the types of polymer materials, structure-property relationships and usage characteristics.

3. 3

   CLO 3: Analyzes the main components of polymer compositions and their effect on material properties.

4. 4

   CLO 4: Selects examples of polymer compositions with different purposes and evaluates their application areas in the chemical industry.

5. 5

   CLO 5: Selects polymer materials and compositions for specific engineering applications based on technical, economic and operational requirements.

6. 6

   CLO 6: Evaluates industrial and household applications of polymer materials, their advantages, limitations and environmental impacts in a reasonable manner.

1. 1.
   The concept of polymer material. classification of polymer materialsLecture

   A polymer composite material, unlike a polymer, is a joint mixture of a polymer with different types and specific chemical substances (ingredients). polymeric materials can also be named after the polymer used. polymer composite materials can be divided into two main types - filled and unfilled.

   • After passing this topic, the student will: explains the concept of polymer material. distinguishes the main types and classification of polymer materials. compares filled and unfilled polymer composite materials. explains the relationship between the structure of polymer materials and their properties. it is able to select suitable polymer materials for various application areas. acquires basic knowledge about the composition and purpose of polymer composite materials.
   • He can show examples of polymer materials used in various fields.
2. 2.
   The main function of fillers in the purchase of polymerLecture

   Fillers are added to polymer-based materials to improve their technological and operational properties. they are evenly distributed between polymer macromolecules and form a system consisting of a phase of filler particles dispersed in the polymer dispersion medium. due to the fact that the dispersed phase has a large area, all the physico-chemical processes characteristic of colloidal systems can take place in it. the properties of filled polymers mainly depend on the degree of dispersity of the filler, the character of interaction forces from the surface of the phases, etc. it depends

   • Explains the role and functions of fillers in the composition of polymer materials; evaluates the effect of fillers on technological and operational properties of polymers; interprets the structural features of polymer-filler systems; explains the main physico-chemical processes occurring in the dispersed phase; determines the influence of the degree of filler dispersion and interphase interactions on the properties of polymer materials; it is able to choose suitable types of fillers for different purpose polymer materials.
3. 3.
   Interfacial surface and its role in formationLecture

   Processes on the interphase surface. polymeric, high-viscosity equilibrium materials are difficult to achieve. if the polymer mixes with each other and forms real solutions, they are called miscible polymers, if they form a single-phase mixture, and if their mixture is an emulsion of one polymer in another, they are called immiscible polymers. the polymer has certain properties due to the interfacial layer (faq) structure at the boundary of the polymer phases, which is explained by the high molecular weight nature of the phases in contact. in the area where the immiscible polymers meet, the interphase layer has a certain (2-20 nm) thickness and consists of a mixture of polymer segments of different nature.

4. 4.
   The main function of plasticizers in obtaining polymersLecture

   By incorporating small molecular substances with polymers, their glass transition and flow temperatures can be lowered. in this case, the elastic and plastic properties of polymers improve. such modification of polymers is called plasticization. plasticizers can be added to the monomer mixture in the process of obtaining polymers. usually, plasticizers are added to the finished polymer in a dispersed form (latex), solution and alloy. the mechanism of plasticization is related to the physical state of the polymer.

   • The student explains the concept of modification of polymers. the student distinguishes the modification methods of polymers. the student evaluates the effect of plasticizers on the properties of polymers. the student explains the reasons for the change in processing properties of polymers. the student determines the fields of application of modified polymers. the student can choose suitable modification methods for different purposes.
5. 5.
   Formation of polymer materials and fields of application.Lecture

   In this topic, various forming methods of polymer materials, their technological features and the principles of obtaining finished products are studied. the essence of the basic forming technologies such as extrusion, calendering, pressing, pressure and non-pressure casting, the equipment used and the factors affecting the process are explained. also, depending on the physical and mechanical properties of polymer materials, the application in engineering, automobile industry, construction, electrical engineering, packaging, medicine and household fields is widely considered. the subject forms students' theoretical and practical knowledge on the selection of polymer materials forming technologies and their effective application in the production of various products.

6. 6.
   The role of stabilizers, pigments and colorants in obtaining polymers.Lecture

   During storage and operation of polymer and products made from them, their physical and mechanical properties deteriorate. such irreversible change of properties depending on storage and operation period is called wear (aging) of polymer and products based on them. the main reason for the aging of the polymer is the effect of atmospheric oxygen. in the presence of oxygen, light, heat, ionizing rays, etc. affects polymers and causes the processes of oxidation, destruction, formation of a new structure. destruction leads to a decrease in the molecular mass, which leads to the deterioration of mechanical properties, the formation of fluidity at low temperatures. special substances (stabilizers) are added to the polymer to prevent these unpleasant situations.

   • Explains the purpose of stabilizers, pigments and colorants; explains the causes of aging and destruction processes of polymers; evaluates the role of stabilizers in increasing the service life of polymers; differentiates different types of pigments and dyes and defines their fields of application; can choose stabilizer and coloring additives according to the properties of polymer materials; explains the effect of stabilizers, pigments and colorants on the physicochemical properties of polymer materials.
7. 7.
   Effect of spatial structure of PM material on its properties.Lecture

   The amount of filler in pm, the effect of particle shape and size, interphase interaction in PKM

8. 8.
   Preparation of components of polymer compositions for processing.Lecture

   The main equipment used for obtaining polymer composition mixtures (materials) are as follows: roller, pneumatic, hydraulic and mechanical mixers, closed rubber mixer, etc. the simplest mixer for the preparation of rubber mixtures is a roller. in industry, high-viscosity rubber mixtures are mainly prepared in closed rsvd-250-40 type mixers. vane and anchor mixers are used to prepare low-viscosity compositions

   • The student explains the stages of preparation of polymer compositions for processing; the student distinguishes the main technological operations used in polymer production (drying, crushing, grinding, sieving, slag and paste preparation); the student explains the working principle of the equipment used in the preparation of polymer compositions; the student compares the manufacturing technologies of different polymer compositions; the student evaluates the impact of technological parameters on the quality of the finished product; the student can choose the appropriate processing method and equipment in the production of polymer materials.
9. 9.
   Azərbaycan xalq cümhuriyyəti (1918-1920-ci illəri)Seminar

   Bu mövzu 1918-ci ildə yaradılmış azərbaycan xalq cümhuriyyətinin yaranma səbəblərini və fəaliyyətini əhatə edir. dövlətin 23 aylıq fəaliyyəti dövründə həyata keçirilən siyasi, iqtisadi, hüquqi və təhsil sahəsində islahatlar araşdırılır. xarici siyasətdə əldə olunan diplomatik uğurlar və beynəlxalq münasibətlərdə atılan addımlar təhlil edilir. azərbaycan xalq cümhuriyyətinin dövlətçilik tariximizdəki əhəmiyyəti xüsusi vurğulanır.

   • • ftn2: azərbaycan tarixi üzrə bəzi mübahisəli məsələlərə aydınlıq gətirilir.
   • • ftn4: tələbələrin ən azından minimum məlumat əldə etməsi, mövzular ətrafında öz fikrinin formalaşmasının səviyyəsi yoxlanılır.
   • • ftn1: azərbaycan tarixinin dövrlərinin əsas mahiyyəti izah edilir.
   • • ftn3: tələbələrin bu və ya digər məsələlərlə bağlı obyektiv mövqeyini formalaşmasına nail olunur.
   • • ftn5: tələbələrə qədim tariximizin müasir dövrlə uzlaşdırılması vərdişləri aşılanır.
10. 10.
    Materials based on thermoplastic polymers.Lecture

    Materials made on the basis of polymers that are viscous or highly elastic during processing and used in a glassy state are called (composition). among thermoplastics, composite materials based on polyethylene, polystyrene and polyvinyl chloride are widely used in homogeneous and elasticized form, filled with gas and mineral powders. composite materials based on polystyrene, polyethylene and polyvinyl chloride thermoplastics are used in many areas of industry - sheets, sheets, cast products, cable insulators, manufacturing of car parts, and the purchase of pipes in the oil industry.

    • Explains the structure and main properties of thermoplastic polymers; defines the differences between thermoplastic and thermosetting polymers; compares the properties of materials based on polyethylene, polystyrene and polyvinyl chloride; explains the processing methods and application areas of thermoplastic polymers; evaluates the advantages of using thermoplastic materials in industry; able to select suitable thermoplastic materials for various purposes
11. 11.
    Materials based on thermoactive polymersLecture

    In thermosetting polymer composite materials, the polymer phase has a high-density three-dimensional structure. therefore, hardened thermoset composite materials are superior to thermoplastics due to some of their properties (hardness, modulus of elasticity, heat resistance, resistance to aging). compounds, premixes and prepregs belong to the composition materials obtained on the basis of thermosets. the polymer used for covering or impregnating various circuits and details that conduct electricity for the purpose of insulation in electrical and radio equipment, oligomer or monomer-based compositions are called polymer compounds.

    • Explains the structure and main properties of thermoactive polymers; defines the differences between thermoactive and thermoplastic polymers; explains the mechanism of preparation and hardening of thermoreactive polymer compositions; evaluates the high thermal and mechanical durability properties of thermoactive polymers; explains the properties and application areas of compounds, premixes and prepregs; justifies the application of thermoactive materials used in electrical and radio equipment; it can select suitable thermoactive polymer materials for various purposes.
12. 12.
    Materials based on rubberLecture

    Vulcanization process. obtaining a rubber mixture one of the most common types of rubber-based compositions is rubber mixtures. the main thing that distinguishes rubbers from other materials is that they have high elastic deformation. the essence of the vulcanization process is that rubber has a three-dimensional spatial network from the combination of linear macromolecules with transverse bonds, and it changes from plastic to elastic and takes a certain structural form. vulcanized materials contain both gel and sol fractions. the sol fraction is soluble in various solvents

    • Identifies the different aspects of rubber and rubber materials; explains the nature and stages of the vulcanization process; evaluates the changes in the physical and mechanical properties of the material as a result of vulcanization; explains the technology of preparation of rubber mixtures; determines the areas of application of vulcanized materials; able to select suitable rubber and rubber materials for various purposes.
13. 13.
    Extrusion processLecture

    Extrusion – the polymer alloy and plasticized form is extruded from the beginning of the forming channel with a defined cross-section. the process is carried out in special equipment - extruders. the solid thermoplastic composition loaded into the equipment is compressed, melted, homogenized into a high-viscosity mass and fed to the forming head under pressure.

    • Describes the main stages of the extrusion process; explains the structure and working principles of extruders; explains the processes of plasticization and formation of polymer alloy; determines the types of products obtained by the extrusion method and their application areas; evaluates the advantages and technological features of the extrusion process; able to select appropriate extrusion parameters for various polymer materials.
14. 14.
    Forming and application areas of polymer composition materials. ceramic matricesLecture

    Explains the basic formation methods of polymer composition materials; evaluates the impact of forming technologies on the properties of materials; defines the fields of application of polymer composites; explains the structure, types and properties of ceramic matrix composite materials; differentiates technologies and application areas of ceramic matrix composites; can choose composite materials suitable for various operating conditions; compares the advantages and limitations of polymer and ceramic matrix composite materials.

15. 15.
    Calendering process.Lecture

    Calendering is a forming process in which a plastic composition based on polyvinyl chloride or a heated rubber mixture is released from the space between the shafts located on a horizontal surface and rotating against each other. at this time, an endless tape with adjustable thickness and width is obtained. two shafts are used for repetition, embossing and sheeting processes, three shafts are used for straightening and facing, 3 and 4 shafts are used for sheeting and universal technological processes, and four shafts are used for profiling processes.

    • Describes the main technological operations that occur during calendering; differentiates different types of calendering equipment and their purpose; determines the types and application areas of polymer materials obtained by the calendering method; evaluates the effect of technological parameters on the quality of the finished product; he can choose the appropriate calendering method for the production of polymer materials of various purposes.
16. 16.
    Pressure and non-pressure casting processesLecture

    Pressure casting is one of the molding methods used to obtain the appropriate material or products from plastic mass and rubber mixtures. in this process, the mixture is transferred in the form of grains or powder to the plasticizing cylinder of the equipment. the cylinder is heated to 200-3000c in the processing of thermoplastics, and up to 80-1200c in the processing of thermosets and rubbers. as the screw rotates, the plasticized mixture moves around the mold. the pressureless casting process allows obtaining a product from a monomer or oligomer without using steps to obtain polymers. sometimes this process is called "free casting", "chemical forming".

17. 17.
    Recycling of polymer productsLecture

    Currently, 41% of plastic polymer products produced are used as coatings. 41% of these coatings are used only in wrapping food products. the fact that polymer-based polymer materials are simple, light, aesthetically and economically favorable makes them widely used. but after these coating and wrapping materials are processed, they become waste. polymer-based waste is almost "forever" because it is biodegradable. therefore, they cause great damage to flora and fauna. methods of recycling of polymer product waste depend on their types. (m)

    • Explains the basic physical and mechanical properties of polymers; distinguish aggregate states of polymers and their properties; evaluates the effect of temperature and external forces on the properties of polymers; explains elasticity, plasticity and deformation properties of polymers; determines strength, hardness and durability indicators of polymers; able to select polymer materials with suitable physical and mechanical properties for various fields of application; explains the relationship between the structure of polymers and their properties.
18. 18.
    Physical and mechanical properties of polymersLecture

    Aggregate states of polymer materials, reactions to temperature and external pressure, elasticity, deformation, etc.

19. 19.
    Ingredients of polymer composition materials.Lecture

    Components added to the polymer and changing the physical-mechanical properties of the material, their application areas

20. 20.
    Production technology of polymer materialsLecture

    Obtaining PM by mixing method. carrying out drying, granulation, crushing, etc. operations

21. 21.
    Preparation of prepregs for polymeric materials.Lecture

    Preparation of prepregs using impregnation, powder dispersion polymers. acquisition of honeycomb structures.

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